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Socy.-economics and politics, Ch. 11
key terms for final
24
Sociology
Undergraduate 2
11/27/2009

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Term
economic system
Definition
a socially created institution that coordinates human activity in the effort to produce, distribute, and consume goods and services
Term
hegemony
Definition
a process by which a power maintains its dominance over other entities
Term
domestication
Definition
the process by which plant and animals were brought under human control
Term
mechanization
Definition
the addition of external sources of power, such as oil or steam, to hand tools and modes of transportation
Term
colonization
Definition
a form of domination in which one country imposes its political, economic, social, and cultural institutions on an indigenous population and the land it occupies
Term
capitalism
Definition
an economic system in which the raw materials and the means of producing and distributing goods and services are privately owned; characterized by private ownership of the means of production are profit and consumer driven, and free from government interference
Term
private ownership
Definition
a situation in which individuals (rather than workers, the government or communal groups) own the raw materials, machines, tools, labor and other inputs needed to produce and distribute goods and services
Term
socialism
Definition
an economic system in which the raw materials and the means of producing and distributing goods and services are collectively owned
Term
conglomerate
Definition
a large corporation that owns smaller corporations acquired through merger or acquisition
Term
monopoly
Definition
a situation in which a single producer dominates the market
Term
oligopoly
Definition
a situation in which a few producers dominate the market
Term
primary sector (of the economy)
Definition
economic activities that generate or extract raw materials form the natural environment
Term
secondary sector (of the economy)
Definition
economic activities that transform raw materials into manufactured goods
Term
tertiary sector (of the economy)
Definition
economic activities related to delivering services, including the creation and distribution of information
Term
political system
Definition
a socially constructed institution that regulates the use of and access to power that is essential to articulating and realizing individual, local, national, international or global interests and agendas
Term
power
Definition
the probability that an individual can achieve his or her will, even against another individual's opposition
Term
authority
Definition
legitimate power in which people believe that the differences just and proper, people view a leader as being entitled to give orders
Term
traditional authority
Definition
relies on traditions/norms that govern the selection of someone to a powerful position (chief, king, queen) and the specify responsibilities and appropriate conduct for the individual
Term
charismatic authority
Definition
derives from the exceptional and exemplary qualities of the person who issues the commands
Term
legal-rational authority
Definition
rests on a system of impersonal rules that formally specifies the qualifications for occupying a powerful position
Term
government
Definition
the organizational structure that directs and coordinates people's involvement in the political activities or other territory (e.g. state) within that country
Term
pluralistic model
Definition
view of politics as an arena of compromise, alliances, and negotiations among many competing and different special-interest groups. and power as something that is dispersed among these groups
Term
power elite
Definition
those few who occupy such loft positions in the social structure of leading institutions that their decisions have consequences effecting millions of people worldwide
Term
source of increasing complexity in devision of labor
Definition
once basic needs are met (food shelter), you have new needs, new products and technology = more complexity
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