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| Process by which we learn and internalize the values, beliefs, and norms our of culture, and in doing so, develop a sense of self. |
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| See ourselves as if we were looking in a mirror; our behavior is often affected by what we think others expect from us |
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the general notion that a person has of the common expectations that others have about actions and thoughts within a particular society, and thus serves to clarify their relation to the other as a representative member of a shared social system.
ex: little girl will put on mom's shoes, or take dad's brief case and pretend that she is going to work |
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| Large and complex psychological construct composed of body image, self-esteem, and role performance. |
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| Mental picture that people form of their bodies |
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| How much people value or accept themselves for whom or what they are |
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| The theory explains how individuals evaluate their own opinions and abilities by comparing themselves to others in order to reduce uncertainty in these domains, and learn how to define the self. |
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| how we believe others view us affect how we view ourselves |
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| something can be interpreted by different people in many different ways |
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| Mulvey identifies three "looks" or perspectives that occur in film which serve to sexually objectify women. The first is the perspective of the male character on screen and how he perceives the female character. The second is the perspective of the spectator as they see the female character on screen. The third "look" joins the first two looks together: it is the male audience member's perspective of the male character in the film. This third perspective allows the male audience to take the female character as his own personal sex object because he can relate himself, through looking, to the male character in the film.[6] |
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| Ritualization of Subordination |
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| that women are constantly being portrayed lying down on their sides or their backs, physically positioning them closer to the ground, instead of standing up tall and holding their bodies erect, like men often times do. By lowering themselves, this symbolizes being less in control of oneself |
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The women are there in the pictures, but they look like they are not paying attention to what is going on around them. They are often gazing off somewhere, like they are lost. They are not active participants in the scene, therefore are often dependent on others.
Women may also show this withdrawal by turning their head or body away from the camera or covering their face with their hands. |
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| tend to perceive that mass communicated messages have a differential influence on themselves and others; additionally, because of this perception, people tend to take action to counteract the messages’ influence. |
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| Collective Identity Theory |
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| conceptualized as individuals’ identifications of, identifications with, or attachment to certain groups. When used in different contexts |
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| respect, willingness to fight or use violence; material wealth, vengeful "self help"/retaliation; nihlism-negative view, sexual promiscuity or conquest |
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| Follow issues, words, themes, and frames over a period of time, across different issues, and/or different news media |
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| Individual circumstances or responsibility (similar to info bias) |
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| Contextual and society responsibility |
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| Reports about individual actors and feature human interests; downplay historical, institutional, and political; ignore power relations/economic forces |
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| Symbolically present controversy, conflict, problems and solutions, rising/falling action; focus on conflicts itself, not issue that caused conflict; abstract or technical elements not discussed, events are separated from context |
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| Bits of info with few coherent connections; report about single even without reference to other relevant events; face value reporting of separated events; not interrelated; events, not issues |
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| official sources get last word; official perspective is presented as objective; presented as normal, routine or common-might involve conflict, but conflict could be resolved, official source will make a reassuring statement, comforting images of authority and security |
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| shift from societal concern for production to consumption; profits lie in constantly organizing tastes in new ways; manipulate and re-conceptualize the consumer; happiness can be purchased; normalizes middle class; individualism and freedom; Esquire was first to do this |
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| Lead to cohesion; highlighs boundaries and can enter a state of liminality (temporary release from routine) |
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| individual identity becomes more important to collective identity |
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| "verifiable reports"- describe black urban street life; street codes as subcultural directives; motivations |
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| codes are an interpretive resource used to create and establish what is and is not deviant; artists use codes to create cultural understandings of urban street life that render violence, danger and unpredictability normative; rap doesn't cause violence, but helps us interpret it in multiple ways |
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