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Sociololgy Test 2 PSC
Culture, roles, status, dramaturlogical perspectives, socialization
81
Sociology
Undergraduate 1
02/27/2010

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Term
Material Culture
Definition

the physical or tangible products of a society (artifacts)

 

i.e. houses

tools

, TV

dishes

cars

Term
Non-Material Culture
Definition
is a social culture
Term
Culture Shock
Definition

Discrimination or uneasy feeling that occurs when exposed to cultural variation (be it new or a sub culture)

 

"fish out of water"

Term
Ethnocentricism
Definition
Tendency to judge other cultures by the norms & values of one own culture often beleiving ones own superior
Term
Cultural Relativism
Definition
understanding a culture by it's own norms and values, on their own terms (things have to be understood in cultural context
Term
Cultural Variation
Definition
____________ ____________ and diversity are not only relative cross culturally; it also exists within a culture
Term
Ideal Vs. Real culture
Definition
eqaulity-> racism, sexism, heterosexism
freedom of religion-> moralism, imposition
privacy-> employee drug testing, wire tapping
democaracy-> low voter turn out
Term
Culture
Definition
the total way of life of a group of people
Term
Culture
Definition
ref. to as toolkit; complex system of meanings and behavior defining a group
-learned, socially transmitted (learned and taught), shared, symbolic, varies across time and space and people
Term
premarital sex
Definition
example of culture varying across time
Term
culture varying across space
Definition
"pop" in midwest "soda" on east coast also how we behave in church vs a party examples of _______  _________ _______ _________.
Term
Elements of Culture
Definition
1- Symbols 2- Language 3- Technology 4- Values 5- Norms
Term
cultural symbols
Definition
anything that carries a particular meaning beyond itself to people who share a culture
Term
cultural language
Definition
a system of spoken written or signed symbols used for communication
Term

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

Sapir Whorf

Definition
language shapes the form and content of thought and perception, we view the eyes of our language, it forces people to percieve the world in certain terms
Term
Cultural Technology
Definition

combines knowledge and materials to use toward the task of living

not necessarily technlgcl advancement

Term
Cultural Values
Definition

the "Should/Shouldn't"

 

socially shared ideas about what's good right and desireable

Term
Cultural Values
Definition

"Basic"

taken for granted values

i.e. cleanliness, norm: wash hands

i.e. honesty, also a norm

Term
Cultural Norms
Definition

the "Do' and Don't" rules of conduct

establish pattern of behavior

form 1- Folkways

form 2- More's

Term
Folkways
Definition

are Norms governing everday interaction; ordinary & general standards of behavior

 

violations get you dirty looks, raised eyebrows but no civil disciplining (citations or jail)

 

<informal>

Term
More's
Definition

are strongly held Norms which have acquired a sense of necessity and moral significance, must be followed, dictate we act out of a sense of duty and obligation to others

 

violations bring strong negative reaction/punishment (formal sanctions) seen as a threat to social order

 

<formal>

 

Term
Sanctions
Definition
are a Social repsonse/reaction to control the actions of people in society
Term
Laws
Definition
any norm/sanction that is formally encoded and enforced by the power of government.
Term
Deviance
Definition

the violation of a widely agreed upon NORM; non-comformity to NORMS (socially disapproved behavior)

is "relative"

 

Term
"Functions of Deviance"
Definition

written by Durkheim

 

Deviance can be useful to society

 

-clarifications of norms and moral boundaries helps define limits of social tolerance.

-enhance social solidarity

-promotes unity by binding

-may lead to social change, indicating problems with rules  

Term

Rosa Parks

Stonewall

Definition
examples of social deviance aimed at addressing problems with a rule at the time. 
Term
Important Sociological Theories of Deviance
Definition

Functionalist

- strain theory (Merdon)

- control theory (Hirsch)

 

Conflict

- Elite Deviance

 

Symbolic Interactionist

- Differential Association Theory (Sutherland)

- labeling theory

Term
Instincts
Definition
a complex unlearned behavior pattern which is identical in every member of a species
Term
Hegemony
Definition
the pervasive and excessive influence of one culture on the rest of the world.
Term
Classical
Definition
____________ theorist examine how culture unifies people.
Term
Cultural
Definition
theorists study the meaning assigned to material objects and it's influence on the habits of every day people and anlayzes forms of resistance to Western Hegemony.
Term
Reflex
Definition

an automatic response to a stimulus

 

i.e blinking

gagging

startled by loud noise

Term
Drive
Definition

organic impulse

pleasure

avoid discomfort

 

i.e.food

sex

sleep

Term
Socialization
Definition
the life long process of acquiring identity and learning to behave approppriately
Term
Identity
Definition
is the most essential aspect of who we are, including the sums of roles and statuses.
Term
Feral Children
Definition
children missing socialization (raised in isolation), process no language or communicative skills.
Term
Cognitive Developmental Theory
Definition

developed by Paget - psychology

focuses on how we learn to think, the reason our cognitive  skills develop. Four stage process- child cognive:

1- Sensory Motor (birth to 2 yrs old)

2- Pre-Operational (2 to 7 yrs old)

3- Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 12 year olds)

4- Formal operational (no earlier than 12)

Term
Looking Glass Self
Definition

- Charles H. Cooley (1864-9129)

We see ourselves as we think other people see us; we use the action of others as a mirror to see ourselves.

Term
Stages of the Looking Glass
Definition

1- We imagine our own appearance

2- We interpret other reactions to us

3- We develop a self concept

 

- some people are more signficant than others in their approval

Term
Theory of the Self & Generalized Other
Definition

developed by Georget Herbert Mead (1863-1931)

-Cooley's student

Play is critical to identity and construction and development of self.

In play we learn to take the role of others

Term

Three stages of Role Taking

-Herbert Mead

"Theory of the self & Generalized other"

Definition

1- Imitation; mimic no sense of self

2- Play; Pretend to be other people

3- Games; organized play, take multiple roles ft one time

 

through "they" we develop "self" 

Term

Two components of the "social self" at game play

-Mead

Definition

"I" is spontaneous, Impulsive, Active part of the self

-pleasure seeking/pain avoiding

- innate related to our drives

 

"Me" is conforming controlled predictable

- develop through socialization

- acts as a retraint on the "I"

Term
Generalized other
Definition
as self develops we abstractly take the role of groups as a whole; this is called acquiring the "__________ ______." This is where we learn to respond to the demands of community and society as a whole.
Term
Important Agents of Socialization
Definition

Stable clusters that have the greatest influence in passing on society's expectations.

1- Family

2- Schools

3- Peers

4- the Media

5- Religion

Term

Agent of Socialization

1- Family

Definition

Earliest socialization (primary in terms of first)

-emotional bonding

- toilet training

- eating

-manners

first gender socialization (mom, dad)

 

Term

Agent of Socialization

2- Schools

Definition

-academic skills: writing, arithmetic, etc

-obey non-relative authority figures

- part of a crowd

- evaluated through standard criteria

-begin to become independent of family

Term

Agent of Socialization

3- Peers

Definition

-strongest agent of socialization during adolescence

-we choose our friends

-equality in relationships

- no specific goals, no adult authority figure

-incl. neighbors, coworkers as we get older.

Term

Agent of Socialization

4- the Media

Definition

-very powerful agency

-pop culture (new and current events)

-consumerism

-reflects and stimultaes trends

-public opinion

 

Term

Agent of Socialization

5- Religion

Definition

-values and morales

-could also have influenced to stop believing

-varying degrees on how religion influenced individual socialization.

Term
Examples of Isolated types of Socialization
Definition

1- Primary Socialization

2- Anticipatory Socialization

3- Reverse Socialization

4- Resocialization

5- Erving Goffman Total Institution 

Term

Isolated types of Socialization

1-Primary Socialization

Definition

learning something for the very first time

-toilet

-brush teeth

-language

-1st sexual experience

-swimming

-learn to play an instrument

-driving

Term

Isolated types of Socialization

2- Anticipatory Socialization

Definition

learning skills to be used in a status that you will hold (or a role you will play) in the future

-job training

-student teaching

babysitting

Term

Isolated types of Socialization

3- Reverse Socialization

Definition

younger generation transmits knowledge to older generation

-child teaches parent computer

-immigrant children teaching parents english

-teachers learning from students

 

Term

Isolated types of Socialization

4- Resocialization

Definition

unlearning an old way and learning a new way to do something

-moving to another society/ culture

-army bootcamp

-entering prison subculture

Term

Isolated types of Socialization

5- Erving Goffman Total Institution 

Definition

a place where people come under the control of others

-staff supervised, no personal freedom where life is directed by others

-rigid routnes

formal rules

Term
Dramaturgical Perspective
Definition

-Erving Goffman (1922-1982)

-compared social interaction to a drama (actors audiences and props)

 

-His Social World was a stage and individuals were actors and audiences

 

-Face work

-Impression management

  

Term

Dramaturgical Perspective

-Impression management

Definition

attempt to control the impression we present to others,as if we are now our own advertising agents

 

-desire to be viewed in a favorable way

Term
Front Stage
Definition

area of social interaction where people perform and work to maintain appropriate impressions

 

<formal>

Term
Back Stage
Definition

away from an audience

-mostly informal and less concerned (relaxed)

Term
Social Structure
Definition

patterns and webs of relations that bind societies and add order and predictability to our lives

-Institutions

-structure of society

Term
Status
Definition

a position in society, inicates place in society, aids in social  interaction 

 

i.e. mother

student

athlete, etc

 

one "occupies" a _______

 

Term
Master Status
Definition
what most defines "you"
Term
Ascribed Status
Definition

one we chose or learned

-marital status

-husband

-wife

-father

-single

-divorce

-catholic, etc

Term
Role
Definition

the doing (or performance) of a role

-involves a s et of expecatations, behaviors assocuated with a particular status

 

 

one "plays" a ______ based on NORMS

Term
* Role Strain
Definition
has contradicting demands
Term
* Role Conflict
Definition
when two or more role compete
Term
* Role Exit
Definition
Doubt, the search for alternatives; departure; new role
Term
* Role Distance
Definition
playing off a role in a detached way  ( not happy to be playing this role)
Term
Social Groups
Definition
two or more interacting people who share expectations and goals and feel some sense of unity "we".
Term
Types of Social Groups
Definition

Primary Group

Secondary Group

Referebce group

Term
Primary Group
Definition

small informal group

common interest

endure overtime

frequent interaction

personal relationship

emottonal depth

perform wide range of activity

expressive

Term
Secondary Group
Definition

formal group established for a practical purpose

-formed to achieve a practical goal

-goal orientation

-limited face-to-face ineraction

-few if any emotional ties

-perform narrow range of activities

-instrumental

Term
Reference Groups
Definition

groups we use as standards to evaluate ourselves as a source of standards and identity, this conceptual group consists of:

-family members

-church members

-fellow employees

-cliques

-groups we don't want to be associated with

-amateur vs proffessional

Term
In Group
Definition

sense of belonging and loyalty

-superior

-obey authority within

-trust and cooperate

-Heterogeneity (recognize the difference among members) 

Term
Out Group
Definition

no sense of belonging

disloyal

opposition

Term
Robert Merton (1910-2003)
Definition
____________________'s structural strain theory- traces the origins of deviance to the tensions caused between cultural goals and the means people have available to them to achieve those goals.
Term

Travis Hirschi

Definition
Social Control Theory-developed by _________________ states; deviance occurs when a persons social bonds are weakened. People care about what others think of them and therefore conform to those expectations.
Term
Edwin H. Sutherland (1940)
Definition
Elite deviance is what early conflict theorist like ___________________ called white collar crimes. Elite Deviance refers to the wrongdoing of wealthy and powerful individuals.
Term
Symbolic Interaction Theories
Definition
______ ________ ______ holds that people behave the way they do because of the meaning people attribute to situations.
Term
Edwin Sutherland
Definition
__________ ___________ argued that becoming a criminal or a juvenile delinquent is a matter of learning criminal ways within the Primary groups they belong to. 
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