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| (1897 - 1857) - founder of sociology proposed positivism. He stressed that the scientific method should be applied to the study of society, but did not apply to himself |
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| (1820 - 1903) - second founder of sociology coined the term "survival of the fittest". He thought helping the poor was wrong, that this merely helped the "less fit" survive. He promoted the word "social darwinism" |
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| (1868-1963) - first African-American to earn doctorate degree at Harvard is the founder of NAACP and the Hull House. |
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| (1860-1935) - a nobel peace winner worked on behalf of the immigrants. Co-founder of the Hull house which became the center to help immigrants in Chicago. She was the leader of Women's Rights as well as the peace movement of world war 1. |
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| coined the term "sociological imagination" which is the ability to see how social conditions affect our lives. |
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| (1806-1876) - english sociologist became the advocate for the abolition of slavery. She translated Comte's ideas to english and she published "Society in America" in which she reported on the new nations custom - family, race, gender, politics and religion. |
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| Herbert Spencer's theory used to promote the idea that white European race was superior to others, therefore, destined to rule the over them. In the simplest form, it follows the mantra of "the strong survive". |
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| the collection of data by having people answer a seried of questions. |
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| a sample from selected sub-groups of the target population in which everyone in those subgroups has an equal chance of being included in the research. |
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| the use of control and experimental groups and dependent and independent variable to test causation. |
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| research in which the researcher participates in a research setting while observing what is happening in that setting |
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| way of observing people who do not know they are being observed (more accurate sample). |
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| Secondary Analysis (library research) |
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| the analysis of data that have been collected by other researchers. |
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research biased was introduced in 1972. |
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| a theoretical prospective in which society is viewed as composed symbols that people use to establish meaning develop their views of the world and communicate with one another. |
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| Functionalism (functional analysis) |
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| a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of various parts, each with a function that when fulfilled, contributes to society's equilibrium, also known as functionalism and social functionalism. |
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| Conflict (feminist theory) |
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| a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for scarce resources. |
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| the intended beneficial consequences of people's actions |
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| unintended beneficial consequences of people's actions. |
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| an examination of small scale patterns of society |
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| an examination of large scale patterns of society. |
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a factor that causes a change in another variable, called independent variable. |
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| the factor that is changed by dependent variables. |
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| the language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors and even material objects that are passed from one generation to the other. |
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| to describe those expections (or rule of behavior) that develop out of a group's values. |
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expresses approval for following a norm |
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| reflects disapproval for breaking norm. |
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a system of symbols that can be combined in an infinite number of ways and can represent not only objects but also abstract thought. - it allows human experience to be cumulative. - it provides a social or shared past. - it provides a social or shared future. |
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| the standard by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly. |
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| values that together form a larger whole. |
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| the view that a sociologist's personal value or biased should not influence social research. |
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| the process by which people learn the characteristics of their group – the knowledge, skills, attitudes, values and actions thought appropriate for them. |
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| the process of learning new norms, values, attitudes and behaviors |
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a group that we use as a standard to evaluate ourselves. |
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| people or groups that affect our self-concept, attitude, behaviors or other orientations toward life. |
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| Anticipatory socialization |
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a social movement that seeks to alter only some specific aspects of people. |
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