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Term
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| chemicals released by neurons into a small space between two neurons called a synapse. main neurotransmitters related to drug use: acetycholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), endorphins, and the cannabinoids. |
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| Greek word: “narkotikos”- to benumb. publicly misunderstood/feared. derive from the opium poppy plant, or synthesized with a similar chemical structure- opioids, or opiates is if derived from the opium alkaloid itself, natural or semisynthetic. |
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| Narcotics: Natural Narcotics |
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Definition
| derived directly from the poppy plant, no use of any other chemical compounds. Three common natural narcotics: opium, morphine, and codeine |
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| Narcotics: Natural Narcotics: Opium |
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| the milky extract of the poppy plant seeds. (poppy juice- greek word- opion) used both medically and recreationally (typically smoked if used rec. in an opium pipe) |
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| Narcotics: Natural Narcotics: Morphine |
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Definition
| discovered in early nineteenth century became a major threshold for medical use of narcotics. primary active ingredient in opium (isolated) ten times stronger than opium. Once widely used recreationally but has since been replaced by heroine |
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| Narcotics: Natural Narcotics: Codeine |
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| used largely for analgesic effect; but also for antitussin (cough supressing) requires 12 times the dose to achieve same affect as morphine. alkaloid derivative from opium. |
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| Narcotics: Semisythetic Narcotics |
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Definition
| the product of a synthesis of naturally occuring narcotics with other chemical substances: heroin, dilaudid, and oxycodone. |
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| Narcotics: Semisynthetic Narcotics: Heroin |
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| discoverec in 1874 when two acetyl groups (essentially vinegar- similar chemical properties) were attached to morphine. three times more powerful than morphine. |
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| Narcotics: Semisynthetic Narcotics: Dilaudid |
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| 2-8times the potency of morphine. prescribed for extreme cases of pain and some cases of cough suppression. drug of choice among addicted professionals. also preferred by heroine addicts when drug of choice is not available, described as "the best pharmaceutical dope money can buy" |
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| Narcotics: Semisynthetic Narcotics: Oxycodone |
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Definition
| synthesized from a minor constituent of opium known as thebaine. similar chemically to codeine, but more potent and potentially more addictive. administered as Percodan, a combination of oxycodone and aspirin, or Percocet, a combination of oxycodone and acetaminophen. In 1996, a new and stronger form of oxycodone was develeped and patented as OxyContin. Effectively last for 12 hours but when abused often is chewed, crushed, snorted, or injected leading to rapid release and absorption of the drug. |
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| Narcotics: Synthetic Narcotics |
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| those narcotics with no origin in the poppy plant, they are manufactured from beginning to end in a laboratory but have chemical structure and pharmacological effects that mimic the natural narcotics: Methadone. Synthetic Analgesics: Demerol, Darvon, Talwin, and Fentanyl |
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| Narcotics: Synthetic Narcotics: Methadone |
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| first synthesized by germany in the 1940's in response to shortage of morphine. In the 1960's it began to be used for the treatment of heroine addiction, which is its primary use today. Takes longer to set in than heroine because of administration route and lasts 24 to 36 hours compared with heroin's 4-5 hour effect, thus requiring only a single dose daily. |
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| Pharmacological Features of Narcotics: |
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Definition
| addictive potential (from a strictly physiological point of view, possibly the more addictive of all drugs besides crack cocaine and other notable drugs. addiction results when the brain and pituitary gland cease or diminish production of the body's own chemical narcotics because the heroin or other ingested narcotics attach to the receptor sites and fool the brain into thinking it does not need to produce enkephalins or endorphins. sharp withdrawal symptoms result, but set and setting still play large part in addiction), analgesic effect (pain blocking possibly the most effective available. narcotics play the role of endorphins, relieving pain), and euphoria. Narcotics also suppress the cough reflex, aka antitusive effect. drowsiness (soporific effect) antidiarrheal effect, and overdose. |
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| share one common feature with the narcotics: they slow down the CNS processes: Alcohol, barbiturates, tranquilizers, sedatives, and inhalants. |
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| beer (fermentation of grains, usually barley)5-7%, wine (fermentation of any fruit combined with yeast and water) 15-20%, distilled spirits (heating a fermented solution until alcohol boils, vapors captured and allowed to condense because alcohol has lower boiling point than water) 40-50%. |
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| blood-alcohol content, refers to the proportion of the content of one's blood supply that is made up of alcohol, measured in grams per 100 milliliters. |
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| Depressants: Barbiturates |
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Definition
| developed and widely prescribed from the late nineteenth century until the 1950's when doctors became more wary of addiction potential. 2500 synthesized, 50 ever marketed for human consumption, about a dozen still in medical use. Categorized as short-acting (used for anesthesia), intermediate-acting (used to induce sleep)-became popular for rec use during 60's, and long-acting (day-time sedation for longer periods of time) |
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| Depressants: Nonbarbiturate Sedatives |
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Definition
| oldest is chloral hydrate, first synthesized in 1862. used for victemization |
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Term
| Depressents: Tranquilizers (major) |
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Definition
| exclusively limited to medical contexts with occasional recreational use. also known as antipsychotics, used exclusively to treat the symptoms of schizophrenia and other psychotic states. reduce hallucinations, delusions, and the anxieties associated with them. |
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| Depressents: tranquilizers (minor) |
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| used to treat a variety of disorders generally termed anxiety disorders, or "minor" forms of mental illness. "antianxiety agents or ataractics" Valium, the most widely prescribed drugs in America, reached it's peak of popularity in 1975, particularly used by women. decrease in use manly because patent ran out. Xanax, Halcion, Rohypnol (roofies) |
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| CNS depressants dispensed in vapor form and breathed. categorized as either organic solvents (comercial products legally manufactured for use other than human consumption: gasoline, lighter fluids, paint thinners, model glue, etc) or anesthetics (used for medical purposes and recreation use: nitrous oxide [laughing gas], ether, chloroform) |
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| Pharmacological Features of Depressants |
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| tendency to depress the actions of the CNS and to slow down physiological processes dependent on the CNS (respiratory, heart rate, thought process, reaction time) Tolerance, synergism, withdrawal symptoms, |
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| share one pharmacological characteristic: they stimulate the CNS: Cocaine, freebase, crack; prescription (add, dieting): amphetamines (methamphetamine, dextroamphetamine, benzedrine, epinephrine (adrenalin), ritalin, nicotine, caffeine |
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| derived form the leaves of the coca plant which is grown primarily in high-altitude regions of south america (colombia, peru, ecuador, and bolivia. contains 90% concentration level as opposed to 1% in leaves. use peaked in the 1980s and has steadily declined since. |
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| cocaine base disolved into crystals and then smoked in a glass pipe |
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| Stimulants: Crack Cocaine |
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Definition
| first emerged in mid-1980s and became scourge of the 90's. Not the epidemic the media created it to be. mixing the powdered cocaine hydrochloride with ammonia or more typically baking soda and water and then heated. 30-40% pure, intense, very short-lasting, heavy cravings, 6 seconds to cross blood-brain barrier |
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| Pharmacological Features of Stimulants |
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| two categories: natural (100 alkaloid plants are hallucinogenic, used for thousands of years as intoxicants, healing remedies, religious rites) and synthetic (dextromethorphan-cough syrup when taken in large doeses)/Semisynthetic (LSD): ecstasy, PCP, ketamine |
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| Hallucinogens: Natural: Peyote and Mescaline |
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Definition
| used by native americans in religious practices, forced underground by early missionaries in mexico and the US, became legal for such ceremonies in 1918 with passing of the Native American church of the United States |
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| Hallucinogens: Natural: Psilocybin |
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| derivative of the psilocybe mexicana mushroom, popular for recreational use, but also native american religious rituals and Aztecs. Discovered in 1958 by Albert Hoffman (also discovered LSD twenty years prior) Effects similar to peyote and mescaline, time and space perception affected, emotions more labile and volatile, distraction and suggestibility, less extreme effects than peyote or LSD |
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| Hallucinogens: Synthetic/Semisynthetic: LSD |
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| most potent drug known to mankind, 4,000 times more potent than mescaline, a single ounce is equivalent to 300,000 doses. combination of lysergic acid (nonhallucinogenic fungus that grows in various grains) and diethylamide (synthetic compound)set, setting, normalizing effects so they can be enjoyed. flashbacks experienced years after discontinuation |
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| Hallucinogens: Synthetic/Semisynthetic: Ecstasy |
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| MDMA, synthesixecd in 1912 for diet pill, linked to brain damage and damaging of nerve endings which release serotonin, memory loss. |
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| Hallucinogens: Synthetic/Semisynthetic: PCP (phencyclidine) |
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| originally developed as an anaesthetic in 50's. side effects of confusion and delirium so it was discarded but still used legally for animal sedation under the name Sernalyn. Popular among drug users, often sprinkled on pot leaves, very easily manufactured and requires little knowledge of chemistry. effects: estrangement and detachment, numbness, slurred speech, loss of coordination, image distortion, hallucinations, amnesia |
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| Pharmacological Features of Hallucinogens |
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| very unique psychoactive effect on user. psychotic episodes, hallucinations, mind expanding (psychedelic) Goode identifies nine subjective effects hallucinogens tend to share which distort sensory perceptions: 1. synesthesia (smelling colors, sounds as colors. 2. eidetc imager: visual images while eyes closed. 3. multilevel reality: seeing the same object or event from a variety of levels or perspectives. 4. fluidity: objects are in continual flux. 4. subjective exaggeration: multiplying either the number or size of objects or events, spatial distortion. 6. emotional lability. 7. timelessness: time ceases to be relevant 8. ambivalence: good and bad emotions, sometimes experienced at same time. 9 sensory overload: bombarded by stimuli. high level of tolerance, low rate of dependency, no withdrawal effects, no cases of overdose for LSD, hallucinogens tend to have a high effective dose/lethal dose ratio |
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| Medical Marijuana and the Mind: More is known about the Psychiatric Risks than the Benefits |
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| modestly effective for pain relief (particularly nerve pain), appetite stimulation for people with AIDS wasting syndrome, control of chemotherapy related nausea and vomiting. advised only as a treatment when patients don't react or get enough relief from currently available drugs. 400 chemicals: best understood are THC (stimulates cannabinoid receptors in brain, triggering other chemical reactions), cannabidiol (works to sedate with THC). FDA has approved of two pills containing synthetic THC: Dronabinol (Marinol), Nabilone (Cesamet). under investigation is Sativex (combines THC and cannabidiol, sprayed under tongue with handheld device) Inhalation is fastest way to deliver THC to bloodstream, but can negatively affect lunges. one in nine people who regularly smoke marijuana become dependent on it |
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