Term
| advanced horticultural societies |
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Definition
| societies with irrigation systems and other advanced farming practices |
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Term
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Definition
| complex societies with farming, armies, merchants, and a concentration of wealth in the hands of a few people |
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Term
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Definition
| a system of stratification in which one's social position is ascribed at birth, one's value is assessed in terms of religious or traditional beliefs, and in which upward social mobility is impossible |
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Term
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Definition
| awareness among members of a society that the society is stratified |
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Term
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Definition
| a system of stratification found in industrial societies in which one's class is determined by one's wealth and in which vertical social mobility is possible |
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Term
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Definition
| a system of stratification in which there is no movement from one rank to another |
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Term
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Definition
| a situation in which some people do certain specialized occupations |
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Term
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Definition
| a move to a position of lower rank in the stratification system |
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Term
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Definition
| a system of stratification in which one's social position is ascribed by law or through inheritance |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of awareness of class differences and acceptance of upper-class rule |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of ideas bout what society is like, how it functions, whether it is good or bad, and how it should be changed |
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Term
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Definition
| societies with great division of labor, highly specialized work, and a great concentration of wealth |
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Term
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Definition
| differences between groups in wealth, status, or power |
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Term
| intergenerational mobility |
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Definition
| a change of social position or rank, up or down, from one generation to the next, such as when children have a higher status than their parents |
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Term
| intragenerational mobility |
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Definition
| a change of social position or rank, up or down, within one's own lifetime |
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Term
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Definition
| to make the power of the dominant group acceptable to the masses so they let the dominant group rule without question |
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Term
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Definition
| the opportunities a person has to improve his or her income and lifestyle |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea of Durkheim in which people do similar work but are not very dependent on one another (in contrast to organic solidarity, in which people are very dependent on others) |
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Term
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Definition
| a system of stratification in which it is possible to move to a higher or lower position |
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Term
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Definition
| Durkheim's term for the integration of society that results from the division of labor |
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Term
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Definition
| having fewer resources than are required to meet the basic necessities of life. Rates are usually based on a government index of income relative to size of family and farm/nonfarm residence |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to control or influence the behavior of others, even without their consent |
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Term
| simple horticultural societies |
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Definition
| societies that grow food using very simple tools, such as digging sticks |
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Term
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Definition
| a system of stratification in which one's position was ascribed at birth and based on race |
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Term
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Definition
| a category of people who have approximately the same amount of power and wealth and the same life chances to acquire wealth |
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Term
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Definition
| the difference or variation of people based on selected social characteristics such as class, gender, race, or age |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of honor and prestige a person receives from others in the community; also, the position one occupies in the stratification system |
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Term
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Definition
| the ranking of people according to their wealth, prestige, or party position |
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Term
| socioeconomic status (SES) |
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Definition
| an assessment of status that takes into account a person's income, education, and occupation |
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Term
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Definition
| a labor market in which some jobs afford upward mobility and others do not |
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Term
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Definition
| movement in the stratification system to a position of greater wealth, status, and power |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which different racial or ethnic groups form a new group through interbreeding or intermarriage |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of assimilation in which the minority loses its identity completely and adopts the norms and practices of the dominant WASP culture |
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Term
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Definition
| the process through which individuals and groups forsake their own cultural tradition to become part of a different group and tradition |
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Term
| authoritarian personality theory |
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Definition
| the view that people with an authoritarian type of personality are more likely to be prejudiced than those who have other personality types |
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Term
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Definition
| the view that race is determined based on heredity |
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Term
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Definition
| the situation in which the various ethnic groups in a society maintain their distinctive cultural patterns, subsystems, and institutions |
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Term
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Definition
| school assignment based on residence boundaries in which Blacks and Whites live in separate neighborhoods |
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Term
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Definition
| the legal assignment of children to schools solely because of race |
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Term
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Definition
| overt unequal and unfair treatment of people on the basis of their membership in a particular group |
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Term
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Definition
| a process occurring in split labor markets in which higher-paid workers are replaced with cheaper labor |
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Term
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Definition
| mutual opposition, conflict, or hostility among different ethnic groups |
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Term
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Definition
| a group set apart from others because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns, such as religion, language, or region of the country |
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Term
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Definition
| attempts to keep cheaper labor from taking jobs from groups that receive higher pay |
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Term
| frustration-aggression theory |
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Definition
| the theory that prejudice results when personal frustrations are displaced to a socially approved racial or ethnic target |
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Term
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Definition
| the deliberate destruction of an entire racial or ethnic group |
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Term
| institutional discrimination |
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Definition
| the continuing exclusion or oppression of a group as a result of criteria established by an institution |
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Term
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Definition
| racism that is embodied in the folkways, mores, or legal structures of a social institution |
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Term
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Definition
| the situation that exists when ethnicity becomes insignificant and everyone can freely and fully participate in the social, economic, and political mainstream |
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Term
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Definition
| the legal definition of race: typically referred to as the rule of hypo-descent or "one-drop" rule |
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Term
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Definition
| expelling racial or ethnic groups from their homeland |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of assimilation in which each group contributes aspects of its own culture and absorbs aspects of other cultures, such that the whole is a combination of all the groups |
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Term
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Definition
| a group subordinate to the dominant group in terms of the distribution of social power; such groups are defined by some physical or cultural characteristic and are usually but not always smaller than the dominant group |
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Term
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Definition
| a preconceived attitude or judgement, either good or bad, about another group; prejudices usually involve negative stereotypes |
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Term
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Definition
| a psychological explanation of prejudice that suggests that people transfer responsibility for their own failures to a vulnerable group, usually a racial or ethnic group |
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Term
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Definition
| a socially defined group distinguished by selected inherited physical characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| discrimination based on racial characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| labor groups joining together in a coalition against the capital class |
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Term
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Definition
| a psychological explanation of prejudice that involves blaming another person or group for one's own problems |
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Term
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Definition
| the separation of a group from the main body; it usually involves separating a minority group from the dominant group |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree of intimacy and equality between groups of people |
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Term
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Definition
| race is socially constructed and maintained through the process of interaction with others |
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Term
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Definition
| widely held and oversimplified beliefs about the character and behavior of all members of a group that seldom correspond to the facts |
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Term
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Definition
| one aspect of assimilation in which patterns of intimate contact between the guest and host groups are developed in the clubs, organizations, and institutions of the host society |
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Term
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Definition
| the structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal rewards and power in a society |
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