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Sociology, Dr. Tribble, ch. 8-9
Chapter 8 and 9 vocab
65
Sociology
Undergraduate 1
10/20/2010

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Term
advanced horticultural societies
Definition
societies with irrigation systems and other advanced farming practices
Term
agrarian societies
Definition
complex societies with farming, armies, merchants, and a concentration of wealth in the hands of a few people
Term
caste system
Definition
a system of stratification in which one's social position is ascribed at birth, one's value is assessed in terms of religious or traditional beliefs, and in which upward social mobility is impossible
Term
class consciousness
Definition
awareness among members of a society that the society is stratified
Term
class system
Definition
a system of stratification found in industrial societies in which one's class is determined by one's wealth and in which vertical social mobility is possible
Term
closed system
Definition
a system of stratification in which there is no movement from one rank to another
Term
division of labor
Definition
a situation in which some people do certain specialized occupations
Term
downward mobility
Definition
a move to a position of lower rank in the stratification system
Term
estate system
Definition
a system of stratification in which one's social position is ascribed by law or through inheritance
Term
false consciousness
Definition
lack of awareness of class differences and acceptance of upper-class rule
Term
ideology
Definition
a set of ideas bout what society is like, how it functions, whether it is good or bad, and how it should be changed
Term
industrial societies
Definition
societies with great division of labor, highly specialized work, and a great concentration of wealth
Term
inequality
Definition
differences between groups in wealth, status, or power
Term
intergenerational mobility
Definition
a change of social position or rank, up or down, from one generation to the next, such as when children have a higher status than their parents
Term
intragenerational mobility
Definition
a change of social position or rank, up or down, within one's own lifetime
Term
legitimate
Definition
to make the power of the dominant group acceptable to the masses so they let the dominant group rule without question
Term
life chances
Definition
the opportunities a person has to improve his or her income and lifestyle
Term
mechanical solidarity
Definition
the idea of Durkheim in which people do similar work but are not very dependent on one another (in contrast to organic solidarity, in which people are very dependent on others)
Term
open system
Definition
a system of stratification in which it is possible to move to a higher or lower position
Term
organic solidarity
Definition
Durkheim's term for the integration of society that results from the division of labor
Term
poverty
Definition
having fewer resources than are required to meet the basic necessities of life. Rates are usually based on a government index of income relative to size of family and farm/nonfarm residence
Term
power
Definition
the ability to control or influence the behavior of others, even without their consent
Term
simple horticultural societies
Definition
societies that grow food using very simple tools, such as digging sticks
Term
slave system
Definition
a system of stratification in which one's position was ascribed at birth and based on race
Term
social class
Definition
a category of people who have approximately the same amount of power and wealth and the same life chances to acquire wealth
Term
social differentiation
Definition
the difference or variation of people based on selected social characteristics such as class, gender, race, or age
Term
social status
Definition
the amount of honor and prestige a person receives from others in the community; also, the position one occupies in the stratification system
Term
social stratification
Definition
the ranking of people according to their wealth, prestige, or party position
Term
socioeconomic status (SES)
Definition
an assessment of status that takes into account a person's income, education, and occupation
Term
split labor market
Definition
a labor market in which some jobs afford upward mobility and others do not
Term
upward mobility
Definition
movement in the stratification system to a position of greater wealth, status, and power
Term
amalgamation
Definition
the process by which different racial or ethnic groups form a new group through interbreeding or intermarriage
Term
Anglo conformity
Definition
a form of assimilation in which the minority loses its identity completely and adopts the norms and practices of the dominant WASP culture
Term
assimilation
Definition
the process through which individuals and groups forsake their own cultural tradition to become part of a different group and tradition
Term
authoritarian personality theory
Definition
the view that people with an authoritarian type of personality are more likely to be prejudiced than those who have other personality types
Term
biological race
Definition
the view that race is determined based on heredity
Term
cultural pluralism
Definition
the situation in which the various ethnic groups in a society maintain their distinctive cultural patterns, subsystems, and institutions
Term
de facto segregation
Definition
school assignment based on residence boundaries in which Blacks and Whites live in separate neighborhoods
Term
de jure segregation
Definition
the legal assignment of children to schools solely because of race
Term
discrimination
Definition
overt unequal and unfair treatment of people on the basis of their membership in a particular group
Term
displacement
Definition
a process occurring in split labor markets in which higher-paid workers are replaced with cheaper labor
Term
ethnic antagonism
Definition
mutual opposition, conflict, or hostility among different ethnic groups
Term
ethnic group
Definition
a group set apart from others because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns, such as religion, language, or region of the country
Term
exclusion
Definition
attempts to keep cheaper labor from taking jobs from groups that receive higher pay
Term
frustration-aggression theory
Definition
the theory that prejudice results when personal frustrations are displaced to a socially approved racial or ethnic target
Term
genocide
Definition
the deliberate destruction of an entire racial or ethnic group
Term
institutional discrimination
Definition
the continuing exclusion or oppression of a group as a result of criteria established by an institution
Term
institutional racism
Definition
racism that is embodied in the folkways, mores, or legal structures of a social institution
Term
integration
Definition
the situation that exists when ethnicity becomes insignificant and everyone can freely and fully participate in the social, economic, and political mainstream
Term
legal race
Definition
the legal definition of race: typically referred to as the rule of hypo-descent or "one-drop" rule
Term
mass expulsion
Definition
expelling racial or ethnic groups from their homeland
Term
melting pot
Definition
a form of assimilation in which each group contributes aspects of its own culture and absorbs aspects of other cultures, such that the whole is a combination of all the groups
Term
minority group
Definition
a group subordinate to the dominant group in terms of the distribution of social power; such groups are defined by some physical or cultural characteristic and are usually but not always smaller than the dominant group
Term
prejudice
Definition
a preconceived attitude or judgement, either good or bad, about another group; prejudices usually involve negative stereotypes
Term
projection
Definition
a psychological explanation of prejudice that suggests that people transfer responsibility for their own failures to a vulnerable group, usually a racial or ethnic group
Term
racial group
Definition
a socially defined group distinguished by selected inherited physical characteristics
Term
racism
Definition
discrimination based on racial characteristics
Term
radicalism
Definition
labor groups joining together in a coalition against the capital class
Term
scapegoating
Definition
a psychological explanation of prejudice that involves blaming another person or group for one's own problems
Term
segregation
Definition
the separation of a group from the main body; it usually involves separating a minority group from the dominant group
Term
social distance
Definition
the degree of intimacy and equality between groups of people
Term
social race
Definition
race is socially constructed and maintained through the process of interaction with others
Term
stereotypes
Definition
widely held and oversimplified beliefs about the character and behavior of all members of a group that seldom correspond to the facts
Term
structural assimilation
Definition
one aspect of assimilation in which patterns of intimate contact between the guest and host groups are developed in the clubs, organizations, and institutions of the host society
Term
stratification
Definition
the structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal rewards and power in a society
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