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Sociology: Culture
Taken from lectures on culture
20
Sociology
Undergraduate 2
10/26/2011

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Term
Culture
Definition
The language, values, beliefs, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that characterize a group and are passed from one generation to the next. Organized sets of institutions (think of the five main social institutions).
Term
Society
Definition
People who share a culture and a territory
Term
Discovery
Definition
A new way of seeing reality; identified by William Ogburn as one of the three processes of social change.
Term
DIffusion
Definition
The spread of an invention or a discovery from one to another; identified by William Ogburn as one of the three processes of social change.
Term
Material Culture
Definition
The material objects that distinguish a group of people such as their art, buildings, weapons, utensils, machines, hairstyles, clothing, jewelry, etc.
Term
Nonmaterial Culture (also called symbolic culture)
Definition
A group's way of thinking (including it's beliefs, values, and other assumptions about the world) and doing (its common patterns of behavior, including language and other forms of interaction); also called symbolic culture
Term
Language
Definition
A system of symbols that can be combined in an infinite number of ways and can represent not only objects but also abstract thought.
Term
Norms
Definition
What is expected of people: the expectations (or rules) intended to guide people's behavior.
Term
Mores
Definition
Norms that are strictly enforce because they are thought essential to core values or well-being of the group. Moral basis for law.
Term
Folkways
Definition
Norms that are not strictly enforced. Regional ways of acting; dialect, terms, etc. Ex: "soda" vs. "pop" vs. "coke"
Term
Sanctions
Definition
Either expression of approval given to people for upholding norms or expressions of disapproval for violating them.
Term
Values
Definition
The standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly, etc.
Term
Counter Culture
Definition
A group whose values, beliefs, norms, and related behaviors place its member in opposition to the broader culture.
Term
Culture Shock
Definition
The disorientation that people experience when they come in contact with a fundamentally different culture and can no longer rely on their taken-for-granted assumptions about life.
Term
Ethnocentrism
Definition
The use of one's own culture as a "yardstick" for judging the ways of other individuals or societies, generally leading up to a negative evaluation of their values, norms, and behaviors.
Term
The practice of riding on an elevator backwards is an exercise in:
Definition
Norm violations
Term
Which is the most difficult to change;
a. values, b. beliefs, c. norms, or d. value systems?
Definition
B. BELIEFS
Term
Jethro receives a scholarship to attend a university. This is an example of a:
Definition
Sanction
Term
Speech, local mannerisms, and like jargon are examples of:
Definition
Folkways
Term
The practices such as the incest taboo that all societies value are known as
Definition
Cultural universals
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