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| the language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that are passed from one generation to the next. |
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| such things as jewelry, art, buildings, weapons, machines and even eating utensils, hairstyles and clothing |
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| a tendency to use our own group's ways of doing things as a yardstick for judging others. |
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| we can try to understand a culture on its own terms. this means looking at how the elements of a culture fit together, without judging those elements as superior or inferior to our own way of life. |
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| something to which people attach meaning and that they then use to communicate with one another. |
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| movements of the body to communicate with others |
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| the primary way in which people communicate |
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| language allows human experience to be cumulative |
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| ideas, knowledge and attitudes are passed on to the next generation through language. |
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| language provides a social or shared past |
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| without language our memories would be limited, for we associate experiences with words and then use words to recall the experience. |
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| language provides a social or shared future |
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| language extends our time horizons forward. it enables us to agree on times, dates and places. |
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| reverses common sense: It indicates that rather than objects and events forcing themselves onto our consciousness, it is our language that determines our consciousness and hence our perception of objects and events. |
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| ideas of what is desirable in life |
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| a cultures expectation on the right way to reflect its values |
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| the reactions people receive for following or breaking norms. |
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expresses approval for following a norm.
example: being fined |
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| reflects disapproval for breaking a norm. example: high five, trophy, money |
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| specified times when people are allowed to break norms. |
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| norms that are not strictly enforced |
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| norms that are taken much more seriously than folkways. we think of them as essential to our core values, and we insist on conformity. |
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| a norm so strongly ingrained that even the thought of its violation is greeted with revulsion. (eating human flesh, for example) |
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| a world within a larger world of a dominant culture |
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| at odds with dominant culture |
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| made up of many different groups |
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| the value cluster that surrounds success, for example, hard work, education, efficiency etc |
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| for example, the value of group superiority contradicts freedom, democracy and equality. |
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| refer to values, norms, and goals that a group considers ideal, worth aspiring to. |
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| the norms and values that people actually follow |
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| a groups tools or skills/procedures needed to make tools |
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| refers to an emerging technology that has a significant impact on social life. |
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| William Ogburn, not all parts of a culture change at the same pace. |
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| when other cultures came in contact with each other and learned from one another |
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