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| a group of people who perceive themselves and are perceived by others as possessing certain hereditary traits |
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| a group of people who perceive themselves and are perceived by others as sharing cultural traits |
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| a group of people smaller in number relative to other groups |
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| a group of people singled out for inferior treatment simply due to their membership in that group |
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| `Directed at oneself, Passing: acting or behaving in ways to convince others you are someone you are not. |
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| a dominant group benefits from the systematic abuse, exploitation, and injustice directed toward a sub group |
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| built into a supported by institutions |
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| A sociohistorical process by which categories are created, inhibited, transformed, and destroyed |
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| Intergroup Relations: Pluralism |
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| racial and ethnic minorities are separate but have social equality. Everyone's good but not necessarily interacting with each other A+B+C=A+B+C |
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| Intergroup Relations: Fusion |
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| The result when a majority and a minority group combine to a form a new group A+B+C=D |
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| Intergroup Relations: Assimilation |
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When a subordinate group takes on the characteristics of the dominant group.
A+B+C=A *if you come to America, learn how to speak English* |
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| Intergroup Relations: Legal Protection |
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| similar to pluralism but reinforced by political/legal means. Civil rights legislation *if we could, we would kick you out* |
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| Assimilation takes longer when.. |
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Definition
the differences are large
dom. group is not receptive
arrival of sub group occurs in a short period
arrival is recent and homeland is accessable |
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| Intergroup Relations: Internal Colonial |
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Definition
Racial categories are kept separate and unequal for the benefit of the majority
-slavery
-migrant farm workers
-closed workshops |
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| Intergroup Relations: Population Transfer |
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the physical and social separation of categories of people
-native americans to reservations
-internment of jews, gypsies, homosexuals, prostitutes, and others in Nazi Germany.
-internment of Japanese americans during WW2 |
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| Intergroup Relations: Genocide |
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Definition
systematic annihilation of one category of people by another
-colonizing of America
-the Nazi holocaust
-salem witch trials |
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| a rigid exaggerated belief applied to a category of people and individuals in it |
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| a descriptive statement that applies to a group but not to each individual |
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| the tendency to assume ones culture is superior to others |
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A culturally based fear of outsiders.
Common in times of a bad economy or hostile reception given to immigrants |
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| A negative attitude toward and entire category of people |
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| behavior that excludes all members of a group from certain rights, opportunities or privileges |
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| Merton 4 types: Unprejudiced Nondiscriminator |
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| Merton 4types: unprejudiced discriminator |
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| Reluctant liberal *wont hire someone to lose customers* |
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| Merton 4 Types: Prejudice Nondiscriminator |
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| Timid Bigot *don't wanna lose job* |
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| Merton 4 Types: Prejudice discriminator |
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| All Weather Bigot *competition for job* |
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| If situations are defined as real, they are real in their consequences. |
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| Prejudice and discrimination against someone of color, individually and institutionally |
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| Whites are dealt with more leniently than people of color, whether at the time of arrest, indictment, conviction, sentencing or parole |
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| Current and past discrimination in the labor market |
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| Misplacing blame on individual or group to keep blame off of yourself |
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There is no longer any serious discrimination.
Existing inequality is the fault of the minority group.
Since there is no discrimination, and minority group is to blame, we don't need special programs. |
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| Functions of Racial and ethnic stratification: 4 |
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Definition
Group formation
Group cohesion
Safety Valve
Conducive to democracy |
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| The Dysfunctions of Racial and Ethnic Stratification: 2 |
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Definition
Conflict may imperil the social system
Energy and resources are drained |
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| Conflict Perspective of racial and ethnic stratification: 4 |
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Definition
Makes colonialism and racist practices palatable
Justifies paying minority workers less
Divide workers along racial and ethnic lines
Provides an industrial reserve army |
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| Victim Discounting (Vincent Chin) |
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| Society's tendency to view crimes as less socially significant if the victim is viewed as less worthy, ex, black on black crime. |
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| Your sexual object choice |
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Biology is transformed into a rigid system of gender stratification. According to conflict theorists it includes:
social construction of gender categories, sexual division of labor and social regulation of sexuality |
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| traits that females and males incorporate into their personalities |
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| attitudes and activities linked to each sex |
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| culture is composed of hidden assumptions of how members should think, feel,. |
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| Males and females are fundamentally different |
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| Males are superior to females |
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| Bems Biological Essentialism: |
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| Males and females are naturally different |
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| Any form of social organization in which males dominate females |
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| making an object out of someone, such as making a woman into a sex object |
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| the notion that one sex is better than another is built into social institutions |
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| the ability to achieve your goals despite opposition from others |
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| the right to make certain decisions that is attached to a social position |
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| the view that heterosexuality is the norm and all should be heterosexual |
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| fear of homosexuality, hatred of anyone who is not heterosexual. |
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| Alterations in the patterns of culture, structure, and social behavior over time. |
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| Sources of social change: 7 of them |
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Definition
Physical Environment
Population
Clashes over resources and values
Supporting Values and Norms
Innovation-cells
Diffusion-Media into other countries
Mass media |
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| Sustained, organized efforts on the part of a relatively large number of people to bring about or resist change |
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| a set of cultural values, beliefs, and attitudes that motivate and justify the maintenance of the social order or movements to change it. |
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| Seeking a change in the total order as well as the individuals in it |
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| Intended to bring about partial change in the social order |
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| Efforts to bring about total change in the individuals in a movement |
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| Pursue objectives that aim to change society through challenging fundamental values |
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| Collective Behavior Theory |
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Definition
| Spontaneous, unstructured ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that develop among a large number of people |
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Definition
| each step in production increases the economic value of manufactured goods |
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| Preconditions for Collective Behavior |
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Definition
structural conduciveness
structural strain
growth and spread of a generalized belief
precipitating factors
mobilization of participants for social action
operation of social control |
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| Resource Mobilization theory |
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Definition
social movements are rational responses to social conditions intended to bring about social change
-Stresses the ability of the movements members to acquire resources, mobilize people towards accomplishing the movements goals. |
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| Resource Mobilization Theory Continued |
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Definition
Assumes dissent and grievances will not generate social change
Movement leaders organize resources (money, supports, media attention) in order to be effective |
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