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Sociology Test #2
Sociology
44
Sociology
Undergraduate 1
10/17/2012

Additional Sociology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937)

 

Definition

 

  • Italian Marxist.

  • Captured and imprisoned for 14 years by Musolini

  • Key question for Western Marxists: why no revolution as Marx predicted?

 

Term

 

Due to capitalism we have become? (3 Marks)

 

Definition

 

-We have become “happy slaves”

 

-Consumers rather than citizens

 

-The masses have been manipulated and depoliticized

 

Term

 

What is Ideology?

 

Example: Political Ideology. (Conservative party, Democratic, etc.)

 

 

Definition

 

A set of beliefs & values that support and justify the ruling class of a society.

 

Example: Political Ideology. (Conservative party, Democratic, etc.)

 

 

Term

 

What is Hegemony?

 

Definition
Hegemony is the political domination through ideological control and active consent
Term
Is hegemony achieved through physical force/violence or manipulation?
Definition

 

NOT achieved through physical force or violence. More so Manipulating people to agree on your belief on the world.

 

Term
Why is Hegemony never total? (100% agreed)
Definition

 

-**Hegemony is never total as there is always resistance. (opposing parties)


Example: The occupy movement is an example of counter-hegemonic (withdrawal of active consent)

 

 

Term

 

 

Who said this:

Pessimism of the intellect, optimism of the will” - Gramsci, Prison Notebooks

 

Definition
  Gramsci, from his Prison Notebooks
Term

 

Battles for hegemonic dominance are fought for in the institutions of civil society.

 

 

Culture as hegemonic battleground (eg. Music, art, popular culture)

 

(RATM)

 

Definition
Term

 

Define Feminism:

 

 

 

Definition
A collection of movements and ideologies aimed at defining, establishing, and defending equal political, economic and social rights for women.
Term

 

Key points of Dorothy Smith

 

 

 

Definition

-Smith challenges how the male standpoint, seen as universal and objective continues to dominate.

 -Smith borrows from Marx the notion of ideology: that the ruling of ideas are those of the ruling class.

-Smith challenges androcentrics (male dominance).

 

-George Elliot, Bronte sisters are women who published in the 19th century under a male name.

Term

 

 

What do Queer Theorists see gender as?

Definition

Queer theorists see gender as a type of “performance”

Term

 

QUEER THEORY

 

Definition

-Challenges the construction of gender identity and gender norms

 

Foucault: Wondered how do we become self-regulating, self-disciplining subjects

 

-based around the idea that identities are not fixed and do not determine who we are.

 

-Challenges how we interact with and judge others based on perceived differences in gender and sexuality.

 

-If everyones identity is constructed, then no one type of identity should be the norm.

 

-A celebration of different, not of equality. (as any identity can still be oppressive.)

 

ex. Bromances

 

 

-how do we perform genders?how you sit, how you hold a cigarette, looking at your finger nails

 

-Criticizes how gender binaries are structured around man/woman, straight/gay, etc.

 

Term

 

What is Gender Regulation

 

 

 

 

 

Definition

leads to a process of “normalization” and standardization of identity

Term
What is the difference between Imperialism and Colonialism
Definition

 

Imperialism: Conquest of land, resources, etc. (The physical conquest ex. Taking over land).

 

Colonialism: Concrete and ideological effects of imperialism within colonized territories.

 

Term

What is Orientalism?

 

Definition

-Discourse of power that creates a false distinction between “superior” West and “inferior” other.

 -Where the inferior “other” are considered as barbaric, primitive, childlike and needing to be controlled or ruled.

  • academic

  • imaginative

  • institutional

Term

 

The study of the middle East

 

Representations of the “East” or “other” as underdeveloped, childlike, savage, exotic, and primitive served to legitimize imperialism.

 

Examples: people in the middle east (arms dealers, the harum in middle east houses where woman were thought to just lounge around naked)

 

Definition
Term
What is Orientalism (2)
Definition

 

-The study of the middle East

 

-Representations of the “East” or “other” as underdeveloped, childlike, savage, exotic, and primitive served to legitimize imperialism.

 

Examples: people in the middle east (arms dealers, the harum in middle east houses where woman were thought to just lounge around naked)

 

Term
What did Dorothy Smith borrow from Marx?
Definition

 

-Dorothy Smith borrows from Marx of the notion of ideology: that the ruling ideas are those of the ruling class.

 

 

 

 

 

Term

 

What is the difference between local and extra local social relations?

 

 

Definition

 

 

-extra local is the bigger picture .

 

-local is what is effected on a smaller scale.

 

Term
Who is known for the standpoint theory? What is it?
Definition

 

-Dorothy Smith is known for standpoint theory?

 

-Her starting point of social inquiry is experience.

 

-Challenges how male knowledge is seen as “objective” where women's knowledge is “subjective".

 

-Smith sees the “everyday world as problematic”.

 

-Can you think of a situation that men and women both experience differently.

 

Term

 

Key points of the first wave of feminism

 

 

 

Definition

 

 

- Occured in 19th Century

 

Women trying to acquire the right to vote.

 

Second wave of Feminism

 

-1960s-1990s

 

-Campaigning for equal rights in the workforce

 

Third wave of feminism

 

-1990s-Now

 

-Race and Ethnicity equality for women.

 

Term

 

Who is Bell Hooks?

 

Definition

 

Bell Hooks – one of the well known black feminists

 

Term
Who sought power as multi-dimensional? What are his key points?
Definition

 

Michael Foucault

-sees power as multi-dimensional

-1968 were the protests for social justice

-Feminist movement

-Peace not War

 

-African independence 1961

 

-Struggles against capitalism, struggle against communism

 

 

Term

 

Define Discourse

 

Definition

 

Discourse: A system of meaning that governs how we think, act, and speak.

- Also Operates as a type of power that encourages some behaviour while discouraging others.

 

 

Term
Define Discipline
Definition

 

The means by which we become motivated to conform to certain realities

 

Term

 

What is Disciplining the criminal?

 

 

 

Definition
Constructing the “model prisoner”
Term
What does "queer" mean?
Definition

 

-to “queer” is to render “normal” gender identity as strange

 

Ex. we perform our gender, your identity is not biologically given to you, its constructed.

 

-That we deliberately challenge all notions of fixed identity, in varied and non-varied predictable ways

 

Term
Define Culture
Definition

 

**Culture is a collection of values, beliefs, behaviours (the non materials) and material objects shared by a group and passed from one generation to the next.

 

Term
Difference between Material & Non-Material culture
Definition

 

-Material culture is physical objects, resources, and spaces

 

-Non-Material culture are beliefs, values, rules, norms, morals, language, organizations, and institutions.

 

Term
What 4 ideas best sums up life today?
Definition

 

 

  1. Culture is learned (through process of socialization)

  2. Culture is shared (eg. Collective meanings and symbols) (Thanksgiving)

  3. Culture is transmitted (eg. Through story-telling, writing..)

  4. Culture is cumulative

 

Term

 

Which is not a defining aspect of Canadian identity?

 

 

 

 

 

Definition
Steven Harper on Canadian Values: “Conservative values are Canadian values. Canadian values are conservative values...They always were. And Canadians are going back to the party that most closely reflects who they really are; the Conservative Party, which is Canada's party.”
Term
What is a norm?
Definition

 

*Norms: culturally defined rules that prescribe appropriate behaviour and conduct.

 

 

 

Term
What is a value?
Definition
*Values: beliefs about ideal goals and behaviours that act as standards.
Term
What are Sumners two types of norms?
Definition

 

 

 

-**“folkways”: Informal norms that do not inspire severe moral condemnation

 

Ex. Not farting in public, picking nose

 

-**“mores”: norms that carry a strong sense of importance.

 

Ex. Cheating on a test, telling partner you cheated on them

 

 

- Norms of appropriate behaviour are determined by cultural context.

 

-Those who transgress cultural norms and standards (mores & folkways) are subject to formal and informal sanctions

 

 

Term
What is Ethnocentrism?
Definition

 

**Ethnocentrism: Seeing your own culture as superior or also as understanding other cultures in terms of your own view on the world.

 

-With ethnocentrism comes the temptation to compare/evaluate in moral terms. (i.e. Orientalism)

 

 

 

Term
What is Cultural relativism?
Definition

 

-**Cultural relativism: The view that no culture is superior to any other culture when comparing social practices, systems or morality, law, politics, etc.

 

 

 

Term
What is culture shock?
Definition

-Honeymoon

-Crisis

-Recovery

-Adjustment

Term
Cultural Norms and Non Verbal Communication? Examples
Definition

Body Language (Shrugs, expressions),

Proximity (Personal space),

Haptacs (Personal touch),

Oculesics (Eye Contact),

Chronemics (Time Use),

Adornments (Accessories, etc.),

Locomotion (Movement)

Term
Define Sub-Cultures
Definition
A group within a population whose values, norms, folkways, mores, set them apart from the mainstream culture
Term
What is Counter-Culture?
Definition
When a sub-culture begins to strongly oppose the valus of the mainstream culture
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