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| refers to a category of people who share inherited physical characteristics that distinguish them from others. |
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| refers to a people who are perceived to belong to the same broad category loosely based on a number of visible shared physical characteristics such as skin color, hair, and facial features. Go back to one drop rule |
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| Derived from the Greek term, ethnos, meaning people, an ethnic group is a category of people defined on the basis of their cultural characteristics and common cultural heritage |
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| A minority group is a subordinate group that occupies an inferior position of prestige, wealth and power. |
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| a number of Southern states once had laws with restrictive definitions of “white” declaring that someone having as little as 1/32 “Negro blood” was legally classified as black. South Africa under apartheid had similar laws classifying people by race. |
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| the unfavorable treatment of people, denying them opportunities or rights because of their group membership or for other arbitrary reasons. |
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| Attitudinal discrimination |
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| discrimination that stems from prejudicial attitudes; that is, behaviors taken with the intent to discriminate. |
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| Institutional discrimination |
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| organizational practices and societal trends that exclude minorities from economic opportunity, power, and prestige. |
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| is the biological distinction between males and females |
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| the social status associated with a person’s sex. |
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Increased participation of women in the workforce has led to dramatic changes in family life.
Yet traditional gender roles in which women perform most of the household work have persisted even in families where wives are
employed outside the home. |
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| Women & the Workplace (2) |
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| n both genders an education level of Bachelors or higher leads to a higher income. Men still make about 30,000 more than women |
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consists of the organizations and processes that
Produce and distribute goods and services. |
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| Issues Modern Economies Face |
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| what is to be produced, how much is to be produced, who decides what and how much to produce, and why people should work. |
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| The same principles which ensure that decisions will be made objectively and fairly according to recognized rules and procedures to the extent they are followed tie the hands of managers, regulating their behavior in a manner similar to the detailed work plan created by time and motion experts for assembly line workers. |
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| occurs when there is a reduction in expertise, training, and experience required to perform a job, such as by converting a job into a specific series of simple, repetitive tasks. |
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| according to Weber, is a pervasive process characterizing modern society in which traditional methods and standards of social organization based on tradition, belief, and even magic, are replaced with new methods and standards of social organization based on objectively calculable scientific criteria. work more efficient and economical. |
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| the movement of people from one geographic area to another. |
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| When people move into a geographic area |
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| When people move out of a geographic area |
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| the difference between immigration and emigration. |
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| migration from one place to another within a larger geographic area. |
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The pyramid shape is a result of geometric population growth…notice how much larger the pyramid is at its base.
The demographic transition describes the history of industrialized nations, but will it also describe other countries now or in the future? |
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| Democratic Transition Theory |
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| This transition has been made more difficult for developing nations today because their death rates often plummet rapidly due to technology transfers from industrialized countries, while reductions in birth rates require cultural changes in attitudes regarding the size of the family that require much more time. |
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| Rapid population growth drains non-renewable natural resources such as oil and gas, fresh water, and clean air, threatening the entire ecological system. |
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| are the original cities in metropolitan areas, often surrounded by suburbs |
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| is any territory in a metropolitan area not included in the central city |
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| the area beyond the old suburbs, forming a second ring farther out from the central city. |
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| less compact than older cities and have no clear center they tend to grow up near major transportation routes, such as freeways and around intersections of major routes. |
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| is when the person puts thoughts in context, examines the implications, conclusions, and consequences of their position, and considers those as they choose the position they wish to defend. Puts the argument in broader context so that it can be better understood |
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is the ability to reason at many different levels of abstraction, and to be able to generalize from the
particular to the abstract. The two types of reasoning are Interpretation and Generalization. |
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| Critical thinking avoids this. Relativism is the view that different views are necessarily equally valid. Relativism confuses respecting the right of everyone to have an opinion with assessing the validity of that opinion. |
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is the exercise of logical rational skills, analytic skills, the
ability to think clearly and effectively. There are a number of basic issues that need to be understood for valid reasoning |
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| Nine ways to be a Critical Thinker |
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Definition
1.Give greater credence to evidence obtained with strong methods 2.Question assumptions 3.Emphasize sound evidence over opinion or pseudo-evidence 4.Consider how you might be biased and try to minimize it (be
reflexive) 5.Acknowledgevalid points from other perspectives 6.Avoid logical fallacies
7.Engage in systematic analysis, examining the non-obvious implications of your approach 8.Consider the broader context and other factors that can influence results (contextualizing). 9.Address points raised by other perspectives and work to achieve resolution (stayfocused) |
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False dichotomy Hasty generalization Post hoc argument Slippery slope
False analogy Affirming the consequent Ad hominem argument Ad populum (appeal to popularity) |
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is behavior violating the norms is behavior violating the norms
or standards of a group, society, or one's peers. Since norms vary with the situation, deviance also varies by culture, over time and with the situation. |
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the exclusion or banning of a person from the
normal activities of a group. An ostracized person may be ignored, forbidden to talk, eat, or in other in other ways interact with group members. Some religious subcultures such as the Amish use this form of negative sanction. |
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| the person is viewed as somehow socially unacceptable or disgraced. |
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| organized crime, white color crime, political crimes and victimeless crimes. |
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| Durkheim's functional view of Deviance |
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| identifies positive contributions of deviance to society. |
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| Merton's functional views of deviance |
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| deviance a consequence of structural strain in societies lacking legitimate means to achieve shared cultural goals for everyone achieve shared cultural goals for everyone. |
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| - builds on Durkheim’s argument that internalized norms are a major form of social control internalized norms are a major form of social control |
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| is the structure of social inequality in a society, i.e., the distribution of wealth, status, and power among people occupying different social statuses. |
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| one’s social status is determined completely by birthright and it is irrevocable. |
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| the basis for stratification is birthright and a person’s family ties are the primary determinant of their social standing. Although, people can marry outside their own clan (exogamy) and this is often employed as a means to forge alliances among clans. |
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| there are three main estates: the nobility, the church, and peasants. |
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| Modern Social Stratification |
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| Modern industrialized societies most commonly have a class system based on achieved social statuses. |
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| Marx's view of stratification |
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argued the proletariat (workers who sell their productive labor for
wages) were exploited by the capitalists (owners of the means of
production). |
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| Wright's view of stratification |
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Definition
Capitalists, who own large businesses employing many workers, such
as the DuPont family, the Rockefellers, and the Kennedys.
Petty bourgeoisie, who own small businesses, such as someone who
owns a car repair shop, a small software company, a consulting business, or a small medical practice. ….managers, who sell their own labor but exercise authority over other employees, such as a dean in a college or a vice-president in a corporation ….. workers, who sell their labor, such as someone who works on an assembly line, at a fast food restaurant, or in an all-night gas station. |
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| Weber's view of stratification |
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| Social class-Weber saw this as a continuum instead of a dichotomy between proletariat and bourgeoisie. For Weber, social class could be measured by a combination of wealth— the property or economic resources owned by someone, such as buildings, factories, cars, stocks, bank accounts— and income—the money they receive a rents, royalties, wages, or profits. |
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| World-System Theory of Inequality |
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One of a number of dependency theories–theories
that argue rich industrialized countries keep poor countries underdeveloped and dependent on them to serve their own needs. |
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A modern revision of the theory of imperialism first
developed by Lenin (1927). Imperialism argued that powerful countries used the resources of less powerful countries to favor their own interests and without fair
compensation for those resources. |
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