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| individuals membership in one of two biologically distinct categories: male or female |
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| term to describe a person whose chromosomes or sex characteristics are neither exclusively male or female |
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| the physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers normal for its male and female members |
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| fear of OR discrimination toward homosexuals or toward individuals who display purportedly gender-inappropriate behavior |
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| judging others based on preconceived generalizations about groups or categories of people |
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| a situation in which there are serious differences between the different elements of an individual's socioeconomic status |
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| the movement of individuals or groups within the hierarchal system of social classes |
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| Robert King Merton's argument that, in an unequal society, the tension or strain between socially approved goals and an individual's ability to meet those goals through socially approved means will lead to deviance as individuals reject either the goals or the means or both |
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| an ethnic identity that is only relevant to specific occasions and does not significantly impact everyday life |
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| an ethnic identity that can be either displayed or concealed depending on its usefulness in a given situation |
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| an inaccurate statement or belief that, by altering the situation, becomes accurate; a prediction that causes itself to come true |
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| in (Labeling Theory) the deviant identity or career that develops as a result of being labeled deviant |
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| a set of beliefs about the superiority of one racial or ethnic group; used to justify inequality and often rooted in the assumption that differences between groups are genetic |
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| a theory of social movements that focuses on the actions of oppressed groups who seek rights or opportunities already enjoyed by others in the society |
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| an idea about the characteristics of a group that is applied to all members of that group and is unlikely to change regardless of the evidence against it |
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| a cultural pattern of intergroup relations that encourages racial and ethnic variation within society |
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| belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes; also the social movements organized around that belief |
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| a socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history, or another cultural factor |
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| unequal treatment of individuals based on their membership in a social group; usually motivated by prejudice |
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| differential association theory |
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| Edwin Sutherland's hypothesis that we learn to be deviant through our associations with deviant peers |
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| a behavior, trait, belief, or other characteristic that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction |
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| the tastes, habits, expectations, skills, knowledge, and other cultural dispositions that help us gain advantages in society |
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| a form of social stratification in which status is determined by one's family history and background and cannot be changed |
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| a pettern of relations between ethnic or racial groups in which the minority group is absorbed into the mainstream or dominant group, making society more homogenous. |
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| the system of segregation of racial and ethnic groups that was legal in South Africa between 1948 and 1991 |
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| an objective measure of poverty, defined by the inability to meet minimal standards for food, shelter, clothing, or health care |
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| individual discrimination |
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| discrimination carried out by one person against another |
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| institutional discrimination |
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| discrimination carried out systematically by institutions (political, economic, educational, and other) that affect all members of a group who come into contact with them |
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| inter-generational mobility |
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| the movement between social classes that occurs over the course of an individual's lifetime |
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| horizontal social mobility |
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| the occupational movement of individuals or groups within a social class |
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| those who believe gender roles have a genetic or biological origin and therefore cannot be changed |
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| a common type of formally defined norm providing an explicit statement about what is permissible and what is illegal in a given society |
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| a rule or guideline regarding what kinds of behavior are acceptable and appropriate within a culture |
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| Howard Becker's idea that deviance is a consequence of external judgements, or labels, which modify the individual's self-concept and change the way others respond to the labeled person |
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| intragenerational mobility |
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| the movement between social classes that occurs over the course of an individual's lifetime |
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| Conflict Theory approach to understanding social class |
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| believe that rules are applied unequally and punishments for rule violators are unequally distributed: those at the top are subject to different rules and sanctions than those nearer the bottom, and the behaviors of less powerful groups and individuals are more likely to be criminalized than the behaviors of the powerful |
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| Conflict Theorist understanding of deviance |
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| conflict theorist note that inequalities are present in our definitions of deviance as well.have often focused on the most obvious forms of deviance criminals, those suffering from mental illness, and sexual deviants because of deeply rooted social bias in favor of the norms of the powerful |
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| Amish approach to sanctioning deviance |
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| practice meidung, which means shunning those who violate the strict norms of a group. a biblical rule instructs them "not to associate with any one who bears the name of brother if he is guilty of im-morality or greed, or an idolater, reviler, drunkard or robber-- not even to eat with such a one" |
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| examples: in the workplace aggressive men are called "go-getters," while aggressive women may be called bitches. Men who frequently have sex are called "players," while women are called "sluts" |
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| gender role socialization |
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| the lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine, primarily through four agents of socialization; families, schools, peers, and the media |
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| (Gender) Social Constructionists |
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| those who believe that notions of gender are socially determined, such that a dichotomous system is just one possibility among many |
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| Residential segregation, political disenfranchisement, and the use of law enforcement to control the homeless can make poverty invisible to many Americans. |
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| is made up of members of a social group that is systematically denied the same access to power and resources available to the dominant groups of a society, but who are not necessarily fewer in number than the dominant group. Unequal and unfair treatment typically generates a strong sense of common identity and solidarity among members of minority groups. |
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| federal poverty line (an absolute measure based income) indicates that, in 2005, about 37 million people (12.6% of the population) in the United States were considered poor.objective measure of poverty that is defined by the inability to meet minimal standards for food, shelter, clothing, or health care. |
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| Functionalist approach to understanding social class |
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| generally believe that there are social roles better suited to one gender than the other, and that societies are more stable when certain tasks are fulfilled by the appropriate sex |
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| functionalist understanding of deviance |
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| to promote social cohesion(one of functionalism's valued ideals); people can be brought together as a community in the face of crime or other violations |
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| Punishment before prisons in America |
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| 1. Banishment from the community(permanent)2. shunning from community(temporary) 3. Corporal Punishment(during colonial america, for majority of crimes) Branding. |
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| symbolic interactionist approach to understanding social class |
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| interactionists believe that all social structures-including systems of inequality-are constructed from the building blocks of everyday interaction.focus on the ways that race, class, and gender intersect to produce an individual's identity |
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| systems of social stratification |
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| 1. Slavery, 2. Caste 3. Social Class |
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| referred to by sociologists as SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS (SES). much less rigid than the caste system. UPPER CLASS, UPPER-MIDDLE CLASS, MIDDLE CLASS, WORKING(LOWER-MIDDLE)CLASS, WORKING POOR AND UNDERCLASS |
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| referred to by sociologists as SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS (SES). much less rigid than the caste system. UPPER CLASS, UPPER-MIDDLE CLASS, MIDDLE CLASS, WORKING(LOWER-MIDDLE)CLASS, WORKING POOR AND UNDERCLASS |
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| are usually accusations that one is not "really" black or not black enough, or that one is a "tom" or a racist. |
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| Robert Merton typology of deviance |
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| based on the theory that some social structures exert pressure toward crime or conformity. He hypothesized that people who do not accept cultural goals or the accepted means of achieving them would follow other-possibly criminal or deviant-alternatives. |
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| modern scientific view of racial categories |
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| there are NO PURE RACES, that lines between races are blurry rather than fixed. There is no such thing as a superior race. |
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| wealth, power, property, prestige |
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| MAX WEBER, believed these are important elements to social class and are interrelated because they often come together, but also possible to convert one to the other. |
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| shunning, banishment, corporal punishment, branding. |
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Society uses positive sanctions to reward people for following norms. Positive sanctions can be formal, such as an award or a raise. They can also be informal and include words, gestures, or facial expressions.
Example: The smile that a mother gives her child when he says “thank you” is a positive sanction. |
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