Term
|
Definition
| The systematic study of social behavior and human groups. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An approach to deviance that emphasizes the role of culture in the creation of the deviant identity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of the larger world and our society’s place in it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Comte’s Approach -- a scientific approach to knowledge based on “positive” facts as opposed to mere speculation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In sociology, a set of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions, or behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a basic image of society that guides thinking and research. |
|
|
Term
|
Structural- functional approach
|
|
Definition
| a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any relatively stable pattern of social behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a framewrok for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a broad focus on social structures that shape society as a whole. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a close-up focus on social interaction in specific situations. |
|
|
Term
|
Symbolic-interaction approach
|
|
Definition
| a framework for building theory thet sees society as the product of the everyday interations of individuals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the study of society based on scientific observation of social
Behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| information we can verify with our senses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a mental construct that represents some aspect of the world in a simplified form. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A measurable trait or characteristic that is subject to change under different conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a procedure for determining the value of a variable in a specific case. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The extent to which a measure provides consistent results. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The degree to which a scale or measure truly reflects the phenomenon under study. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A relationship between two variables whereby a change in one coincides with a change in the other. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a relationship in which change in one variable causes change in another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a systematic plan for doing research. (experiments, surveys, observation etc.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An artificially created situation that allows the researcher to manipulate variables. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A study, generally in the form of interviews or questionnaires, that provides sociologists and other researchers with information concerning how people think and act. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routines activities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The totality of learned, socially transmitted behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A fairly large number of people who live in the same territory, are relatively independent of people outside it, and participate in a common culture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The gestures, objects, and language that form the basis of human communication. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Collective conceptions of what is considered good, desirable, and proper-or bad, undesirable, and improper-in a culture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specific ideas that people hold to be true |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Established standards of behavior maintained by a society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Norms governing everyday social behavior whose violation raises comparatively little concern. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A preindustrial society in which people rely on whatever foods and fiber are readily available in order to live. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Preindustrial societies in which people plant seeds and crops rather than subsist merely on available foods. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the domestication of animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large-scale cultivation using plows harnessed to animals or more powerful energy sources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the production of goods using advanced sources of energy to drive large machinery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values that differs from the pattern of the larger society. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equal standing for all cultural traditions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendency to assume that one's culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The viewing of people's behavior from the perspective of their own culture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| General practices found in every culture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The systematic study of the biological bases of social behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process whereby people learn the attitudes, values, and actions appropriate for individuals as members of a particular culture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In everyday speech, a person's typical patterns of attitudes, needs, characteristics, and behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Freudâs term for the pleasure-seeking part of our subconscious that represents our innate drives. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A person's concious efforts to balance innate pleasure-seeking drives with the demands of society. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The cultural values and norms internalized by an individual. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| According to George Herbert Mead, the sum total of people's conscious perceptions of their own identity as distinct from others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A concept used by Charles Horton Cooley that emphasizes the self as the product of our social interactions with others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to refer to those individuals who are most important in the development of the self, such as parents, friends, and teachers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to refer to the child's awareness of the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that a child takes into account in his or her behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a category of people with something in common, usually age |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ways in which people respond to one another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a social position that a person holds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A social position "assigned" to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A social position attained by a person largely through his or her own efforts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A status that dominates others and thereby determines a person's general position within society. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two or more people who identify with and interact with one another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a small social group whose members share personal an lasting relationships. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group leadership that focuses on the competion of tasks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group leadership that focuses on the group's well-being |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a focus on rules and regulations to the point of undermining an organization's goals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| social stratification based on ascription, or birth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| social stratification based on both birth and individual achievement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people who own and operate factories and other businesses in pursuit of profits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people who sell their labor for wages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The condition of being estranged or disassociated from the surrounding society. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| buying and using peoducts becuase of the "statment" they make about social position |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An inclusive term encompassing all of a person's material assets, including land and other types of property. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| patterns of social inequality in the world as a whole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural dominance over a people by a foreign power for an extended period of time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Continuing dependence of former colonies on foreign countries. |
|
|
Term
| Multinational corporation |
|
Definition
| Commercial organizations that are headquartered in one country but do business throughout the world. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A set of people related by blood, marriage (or some other agreed-upon relationship), or adoption who share the primary responsibility for reproduction and caring for members of society. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The state of being related to others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a legal relationship, usually involving economic cooperation, sexual activity, and childbearing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A family in which relatives-such as grandparents, aunts, or uncles-live in the same home as parents and their children. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A married couple and their unmarried children living together. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The requirement that people select mates outside certain groups. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The restriction of mate selection to people within the same group. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A form of marriage in which one woman and one man are married only to each other. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A form of marriage in which an individual can have several husbands or wives simultaneously. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the system by which members of society trace kinship over generations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The prohibition of sexual relationships between certain culturally specified relatives. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| marriage between people with the same social characteristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The practice of living together as a male-female couple without marrying. |
|
|
