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| A standard of poverty based on a minimum level of subsistence |
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| A social position attained by a person largely through his or her own efforts |
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| A social position "assigned" to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics |
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| Karl Marx's term for the capitalist class, the owners of the means of production |
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| An economic system in which the means of production are largely in private hands, and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits |
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| A hereditary rank, usually religiously dictated, that tends to be fixed and immobile |
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| A term used by Max Weber to refer to a group of people who have a similar level of wealth and income |
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| In Karl Marx's view, a subjective awareness of common vested interests and the need for collective political action to bring about social change |
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| A social ranking based primarily on economic position in which achieved characteristics can influence social mobility |
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| A social system in which there is little or no possibility of individual mobility |
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| The maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural domination over a people by a foreign power for an extended period |
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| An approach to global stratification that contends that industrialized nations exploit developing countries for their own gain. |
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| A system of stratifcation under which peasants were required to work land leased to them by nobles in exchange for military protection and other services. Also known as feudalism |
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| The reputation that a specific person has earned within an occupation |
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| A term used by Karl Marx to describe an attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect their objective position |
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| A trend in which women constitute an increasing proportion of the poor people of the United States |
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| The worldwide integrations of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas |
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| The movement of an individual from one social position to another of the same rank |
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| Intergenerational Mobility |
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| Changes in the social position of children relative to their parents |
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| Intragenerational Mobility |
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Definition
| Changes in a person's social position within his or her adult life |
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| Max Weber's term for people's opportunities to provide themselves with material goods, positive living conditions, and favorable life experiences |
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| The far-reaching process by which developing nations move from traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies |
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| A functionalist approach that proposes that modernization and development will gradually improve the lives of people in developing nations |
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| Multinational Corporation |
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| Commercial organization that is headquartered in one country but does business throughout the world |
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| Continuing dependence of former colonies on foreign countries |
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| A technique for measuring social class that assigns individuals to classes on the basis of criteria such as occupation, education, income, and place of residence |
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| A social system in which the position of each individual is influenced by his or her achieved status |
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| The ability to exercise one's will over others |
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| The respect and admiration that an occupation holds in a society |
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| Karl Marx's term for the working class in a capitalist society |
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| A floating standard of deprivation by which people at the bottom of society, whatever their lifestyles, are judged to be disadvantaged in comparison with the nation as a whole |
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| A system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by other people |
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| A condition in which members of a society have different amounts of wealth, prestige, or power |
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| The movement of individuals or groups from one position of a society's stratification system to another |
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| A term used by Max Weber to refer to people who have the same prestige or lifestyle, independent of their class positions |
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| The structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in a society |
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| The movement of a person from one social position to another of a different rank |
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| An inclusive term encompassing all of a person's material assets, including land, stocks, and other types of property |
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| Immanuel Wallerstein's view of the global economic system as divided between certain industrialized nations that control wealth and developing countries that are controlled and exploited |
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| Positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities |
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| The use of the principle of race neutrality to defend a racially unequal status quo |
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| An interactionist perspective that states that interracial contact between people of equal status engaged in a cooperative task will reduce prejudice |
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| The denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups based on some type of arbitrary bias |
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| A group that is set apart from others primarily because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns |
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| The tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others |
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| A Marxist theory that views racial subordination in the United States as a manifestation of the class system inherent in capitalism |
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| An invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual's gender, race, or ethnicity |
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| A criminal offense committed because of the offender's bias against a race, religion, ethnic group, national origin, or sexual orientation |
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| Institutional Discrimination |
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| The denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of society |
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| A negative atitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority |
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| A socio-historical process in which racial categories are created, inhibited, transformed, and destroyed |
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| A group that is set apart from others because of obvious physical differences |
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| Any arbitrary action initiated by an authority based on race, ethnicity, or national originrather than on a person's behavior |
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| The belief that one race is supreme and all others are innately inferior |
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| Unreliable generalization about all members of a group that does not recognize individual differences within the group |
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| An emphasis on such concerns as ethnic food or political issues rather than deeper tries to one's ethnic heritage |
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| Concern for the maintenance of harmony and the internal emotional affairs of the family |
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| Expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females |
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| Fear of and prejudice against homosexuality |
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| An emphasis on tasks, a focus on more distant goals, and a concern for the external relationship between one's family and other social institutions |
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| The term for the convergence of social forces that result in increased subordination of low-status women (women of lower status due to race, ethnicity, SES) |
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| A term representing the multiple gender roles that men play |
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| The double burden--work outside the home followed by child care and housework--that many women face and few men share equitably |
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| The ideology that one sex is superior to the other |
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| Behavior that occurs when work benefits are made contingent on sexual favors |
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| First made the distinction between vertical and horizontal mobility |
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| Noted that modern societies tend to be urban, literate, industrial, and have sophisticated transportation and media systems, and that families in such societies are organized within the nuclear family unit rather than the extended family model |
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| Critic of the functionalist analysis of stratification notes that while a system of rewards for filling highly expert professions demanding long years of education and skills may once have served the overall purposes of society, this situation no longer exists. |
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| Created a five-class typology of the U.S. class system |
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| Suggests that it is functional for society to have poor people to do society's dirty work at low wages, to provide middle-class jobs for people who serve the poor, and to serve as a measuring rod of status for those with higher positions |
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Definition
| Sociologist that has merged Marx's emphasis on class conflict with Weber's recognition that power is an important element of stratification |
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Definition
| Maintained that a person's position in a stratification system reflects some combination of their class, status, and power |
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| Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore |
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Definition
| Argue that stratification is universal and that social inequality is necessary so that people will be motivated to fill functionally important positions |
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Definition
| Identified three functions in which racially prejudiced beliefs serve the dominant group (e.g., they provide a moral justification for maintaining an unequal society that routinely deprives a minority of it's rights and privileges). |
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| Classical theorist whose work is the basis for an approach to racism which emphasizes that racism keeps minorities in low-paying jobs, thereby supplying the capitalist ruling class with a pool of cheap labor |
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| Oliver Cox, Robert Blauner, and Herbert M. Hunter |
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Definition
| Used the exploitation theory to explain the basis of racial subordination in the United States |
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Definition
| Suggested that interracial coalitions would most likely reduce racial and ethnic stereotyping and prejudice |
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Definition
| Sociologist who became interested in the privileges of being white |
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Definition
| Observed that people respond not only to the objective features of a situation or person but also to the meaning that situation or person has for them |
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Definition
| Did a study on the "second shift," which refers to the double-burden put upon women who work outside the home and then come home to childcare and housework |
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| Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales |
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Definition
| Distinguished between instrumental and expressive roles, conducted a functionalist analysis of gender roles in the U.S., noted that families benefit from the traditional division of labor between men and women, which ensures that all of society's jobs are completed |
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| Robert Brannon and James Doyle |
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Definition
| Have identified five aspects of male gender roles (i.e., antifeminine, success, aggressive, sexual, and self-reliant). |
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| Wrote "The Origin of Private Property, the Family, and the State," published in 1884. He argued that women's subjugation coincided with the rise of private property during industrialization |
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| Work in Indonesia showed a four million member Minangkabau society where men and women work as partners for a common good |
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| Wrote "A Vindication of the Rights of Women," published in 1792 |
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| Australian sociologist known for coining the term multiple masculinities |
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