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| a broad field with many different theories, methodologies, and areas of interest,focus: groups rather than individuals; |
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| Characteristics of Sociology |
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| Sociology as a discipline; a social science (uses methods of science in order to study human social behavior) concerned with humanf |
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| Sociology is concerned with how groups are affected; psychology is concerned with individuals. |
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| production, distribution and consumption of goods and services; how economic & material interests impact society Psychology – mental processes such as emotions, memory, cognition & perception in humans; focus is on individual |
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| political power, political processes and governmental systems; based on political Philosophy & particular forms of government and the relationship between the two |
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| human evolution & culture; focus is on complete, small scale, primitive societies |
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| mental processes such as emotions, memory, cognition & perception in humans; focus is on individual |
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| study of material remains of past human life and activities as well as remains of the culture of a peopleap |
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| uses fossils and other evidence to trace human evolutioni |
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| ways of life of pre-modern societies |
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| human speech including the units, nature, structure, and modification of languagedc |
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| anthropological report about some aspects of people’s way of lifeni |
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| study of both causes and meaning of past events |
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Roots in 18th century European Enlightenment period
Emerged as a new discipline in middle of 19th century
The Industrial Revolution forever changed the social & physical environment, social change became the normr |
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| coined the term: sociology. Considered the founder of sociology. He also came up with the terms of: social statistics (order and stability) and social dynamics (change) |
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| applied Darwin’s theory of evolution to societies as well as individuals |
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| conflict theories that were usually a result of economy; result of conflict is change in society |
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| societies held together by common values/beliefs; looked at contribution of parts of a society and its impact on the whole; He did the 1st studies on suicide and was the 1st to apply the scientific method to human behavior |
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| challenged Marx’s views; viewed social change as negative and not always a result of economy |
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| Modern Sociological Development |
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| Development of modern sociology has primarily taken place in the United States The University of Chicago (Chicago School) offered the first doctoral degree in Sociology in 1893 Studied immigration, urbanization, and racial relations Robert Park: leading member |
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| When you think Sociology – think: Chicago School! |
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| generalization (tangible or intangible), sociologists try to turn these into variablessms |
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| involves direct observance using the senses (sight, hearing) Descriptive studies: data collection; answers why and what is happening to whom Explanatory studies: answers why and how things happenpower |
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| system of rules, procedures and principles that guides scientific investigation |
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| Academic (indirect) sociology |
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| research conducted for the sake of knowledge |
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| Applied (direct) sociology |
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| research conducted to provide solutions to immediate, practical problemsed2 |
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| basing an understanding independent of personal values and experiences; mathematical data is not biased2 |
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| basing an understanding on personal values and experiences; human judgment plays a role therefore; biases can & do occur |
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| Theory are: Karl Marx, competition, power, struggle, C. Wright Mills |
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| buzzwords for Functionalism |
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| balance, order, stability, interdependence, Emile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, Robert Merton |
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| the three main sociological frameworks |
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| Functionalist: social order and stability Conflict theory: social change Interactionist: every day experienceS |
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| challenged Parsons’ approach; he’s regarded today as an influential American Sociologist and his theories about the power elite set the stage for research on the American power structure and sociology imaginationa |
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| the most influential American Sociologist. Parsons viewed society as a stable, though complex system of interdependent parts, each of which performed a function important to the system. |
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| was an early leader in this school of thought |
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| coincidental relationship between variables w/no causal relationshipjpeg |
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| small # of individuals that represent the populationgi |
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| the individuals tested; subjects of the study |
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| – subjects chosen in a way that allows every member of the population an equal chance of being selected for the sample (should be a representative sample) |
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| affected/influenced by another variable effect |
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| 3 types of formal organization |
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| Robert Michel’s Iron Law of Oligarchy |
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| Peter Principle criticisms of bureaucracy |
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| unconscious memories; biological and psychological drives; natural drives (e.g.: aggression and sexual pleasure)n/xa |
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| mediator between id and superego; resolution of the conflict between the id and superego; ultimate personality that a person developse |
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| the censor, conscience, and monitor of personality; the conscience that arises from messages we get from others concerning what is and is not acceptable; opposes the id0 |
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| Moral Development; Expanded on Piaget’s ideas; People were presented with moral dilemmas and asked what they would do and why 3 stages of moral development:' |
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judging right from wrong on the basis of reward and punishment;
Example: If Sally decided not to steal a pack of gum because she didn’t want to get in trouble, she is an example of someone functioning on the pre-conventional level of moral development.j |
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| laws help us decide right and wrong; people try to please others & be good |
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| one’s own conscience is the guide for deciding right from wrong |
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| is position in society; identifies where a person fits into society & how he/she should relate to others |
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| a person’s most significant status (usually occupational); has most influence over its life |
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| aspects of an individual’s status appear contradictory |
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| depends on the individual’s actions; dynamic (occupation, religions, education); results from something you did |
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| attached to an individual in which the person has no control (gender, race, etc); born into it |
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| category of people with equivalent status |
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| statuses one occupies that are not the master status |
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| Interactionist perspective |
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| made up of many views which emphasize the interpretation & meaning of life |
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| was the founder of this branch of science;Social Psychology |
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| When you think Goffman and Dramaturgy |
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| be sure to know that impression management is part of this theory!! |
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may differ greatly; how we view ourselves & how others view us
o Know the differences in the way we view ourselves vs. the way others view us and how we try to manage the impressions we make on others by creating our own scenes |
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| Dramaturgy; Analyzing social interaction as if the participants were engaged in an acting performance |
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| Symbolic Interaction; First to study human interaction Interaction between people that occurs through the use of symbols (gestures, actions, languages) and the shared understanding of those symbols |
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| any characteristic that can change or differ from time to time, person to person or place to place-ms |
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