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Sociology Pt. 3
Organizations, societies, and social structures
314
Sociology
Undergraduate 1
10/25/2012

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Term
Organization
Definition
large-scale collection of people w/ a script, in pursuit of a goal.
Term
Corporations
Definition
organizations scripted to provide a product or service for profit
Term
Hierarchy of power
Definition
admin at the top give orders to managers, who give orders to staff
Term
Traditional organization
Definition
large-scale operation where appointment of top official is based on personal realtionships
Term
Modern organizations
Definition
use impersonal written official scripts to govern their activities.
Term
Chain of command
Definition
different levels of leadership have different leves of decision-making
Term
Flowchart
Definition
represents a picture of the power structure in an organization.
Term
Job descriptions
Definition
tell people what they are supposed to do on the job.
Term
Top-down organization
Definition
everything flows from the top executives down through layers of subordinates.
Term
Social power
Definition
ability to get people to get things done.
Term
Coercion
Definition
most powerful way to gain social power.
(bonuses, promotions)
Term
Reactance
Definition
strong desire to restore or protect freedom.
Term
Authority
Definition
when subordinates choose to comply with orders
(legitimate power)
Term
Charismatic authority
Definition
uses personality to inspire others to follow them.
Term
Manufactured charisma
Definition
efforts to deliberatlely enhance credibility of leader
(impression management)
Term
Routinization of charisma
Definition
leadership is passed from charismatic leader to other generations.
Term
Alienation
Definition
people are deprived of satisfaction gained from personal contracts and control over their lives.
Term
Peter principle
Definition
people in modern bureaucracies are promoted to their level of incompetence.
Term
Parkison's law
Definition
work expands to meet available time, making people stretch out work to fit time on the clock.
Term
Goal-displacement
Definition
adherence to the rules takes precedent over the organization's goals.
Term
Downsizing
Definition
firing employees
Term
Corporate reorganization
Definition
changing scripts that govern activities within a corporation.
Term
Empirisim
Definition
Replaces faith with observation (science vs. religion)
Term
Educational scripts
Definition
who can store and transmit knowledge
Term
Society
Definition
collection of people who share a territory in political boundaries
Term
Pluralistic ignorance
Definition
makes people afraid to express their true feelings
Term
Civility
Definition
attitude of tolerance and respect for differences exists
Term
Dominant group in society
Definition
group that has power and accredibility advantages
Term
Marginal person
Definition
someone caught between two cultures
Term
Mainstream script
Definition
An agreed upon social script with a scope that encompasses most people
Term
1950's
Definition
First effective antipsychotic drugs
Term
2 factors of Epidemiology
Definition
Prevalence
Incidence
Term
2 types of Etiology
Definition
Risk Factors
Protective Factors
Term
2 types of Onset
Definition
Acute
Insidious
Term
3 approaches to Classifacation
Definition
Categorical
Dimensional
Prototypical
Term
4 types of humors
Definition
Blood-Cheerfulness
(Melancholer)Black Bile- depression
(Choler) Yellow Bile- Anger
Phlegm- Calmness
Term
Abnormal Psychology
Definition
Not of definition
Whatever society deems abnormal
Term
Acute Onset
Definition
Sudden
Term
Aristotle
Definition
Precursor to psychosocial approaches
-Psychological disorders were influenced by early learning history and current social environment
Term
Axis I
Definition
Clinical Disorders
(ie., axiety, depression
Term
Axis II
Definition
Personality and Mental Retardation
(i.e., Borderline Personality Disorder)
Term
Axis III
Definition
Medical Problems
(i.e., hypertension, obesity)
Term
Axis IV
Definition
Social Problems
(i.e., unemployed, divorced)
Term
Axis V
Definition
Global Assesment of Functioning (GAF)
overall subjective scale of functioning (0-100) the lower the number, the worse the illness is.
Term
Behavior Therapy
Definition
Therapeutic methods based on priniples of behavior and learning as applied to clinical problems

Specific Behaviors rather than inferred conflicts as legitimate targets for change
Term
Biological Tradition
Definition
(Medical Model)
Psychological disorders are caused by biological imbalances
Term
Carl Rogers Therapy
Definition
Person-Centered Therapy
Unconditional positive regard
Term
Categorical Approach
Definition
Follows a rigid, either-or definition of what each disorder is and what it is caused by
Term
Chronic Course
Definition
Lifetime
Term
Clinical Assesment
Definition
The systematic evaluation and measurement of the FACTORS which may be contributing to an individual's problem
Term
Clinical Psychologists
Definition
(PhD, PsyD)
Treats psychopathology
Term
Comorbidity
Definition
The simultaneous appearance of two or more psychiatric or physical illnesses
Ex>Alcohol dependence and depression
Term
Course
Definition
The pattern of development and change of an individual's problem over time
Term
Defense Mechanisms
Definition
Common patern of behavior, often an adaptive coping style when in moderation, observed in response to a particular situation
Term
Denial
Definition
Refuses to acknowledge some aspect of reality
Term
Diagnosis
Definition
The process of determining whether a presenting problem meets the established criteria for a specific psychological disorder
Term
Dimensional Approach
Definition
Categorizing disorders on a wide range rather than binary, either-or basis
Term
Disease
Definition
Collection of signs and symptoms with a known cause
Ex> Huntington's Disease
Term
Displacement
Definition
Transfers a feeling to less threatening object or person
Term
Distress
Definition
When a problem causes an individual pain or suffering
Term
Dorthea Dix (19th Century)
Definition
Mental Hygine Movement
Effort to improve care of mentally disordered by informing public of their mistreatment
Term
Dream Analysis
Definition
Dream content symbolic of Id impulses and intrapsychic conflicts
Term
Dysfunction
Definition
inablitity to function properly
Term
ECT
Definition
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Used to treat schizophrenia in the 30's
Term
Ego (Iceburg Metaphor)
Definition
The Mediator
Term
Epidemiology
Definition
The study of factors effecting health and illness of a population
Term
Episodic Course
Definition
Come and go over and over
Term
Etiology
Definition
The cause of a disorder
Term
Free Association
Definition
Say whatever comes to mind without censoring
Term
How many Axes of DSM-IV are there
Definition
5
Term
How to make a diagnosis
Definition
a person meets criteria for a disorder
(not a person has a disorder)
Term
Humanism
Definition
People are good by nature and are motivated by positive, prosocial tendencies
Term
Humors
Definition
four balanced substances that the normal brain was dependent on. Imbalance=disorder
Term
Id (Iceburg Metaphor)
Definition
Illogical, emotional, irrational
Unconscious
Term
Impairment
Definition
Problem prevents an individual from doing what they want
Term
Incidence
Definition
The frenquency with which something occurs
Term
Insidious Onset
Definition
Gradual
Term
Ivan Pavlov
Definition
Russian Scientist who discovered classical conditioning
(Respondent Conditioning)
Term
Moral Therapy
Definition
Unshackling patients and treating them humanely in normal environments
Term
Onset
Definition
the beginning of a disorder
Term
Philippe Pinel
Definition
French psychiatrist
Moral Therapy
Term
Physical Dysfunction
Definition
Unable to function properly because of a physical condition
(Back Pain)
Term
Presenting Problem
Definition
Original complaint reported by the client
Term
Prevalence
Definition
Number of people with the disorder at a given time
Term
Prognosis
Definition
Anticipated course
Term
Projection
Definition
Falsely attributes own feelings to another person
Term
Prototypical Approach
Definition
Requiring certain criteria to obtain a diagnosis but allowing for some variation
Term
Pschological Dysfuntion
Definition
Unable to function properly mentally
(Unable to leave house because of panic disorder)
Term
Psychiatrists
Definition
(MD)
Can medicate patients
Term
Psychoanalysis
Definition
Iceberg Metaphor (Freud)
Id
Ego
Superego
Term
Psychoanalysis Techniques
Definition
Free Association
Dream Analysis
Transference
Term
Psychological Disorder
Definition
Psychological dysfunction that is associated with distress or impairment and is not typical or culturally expected.
Term
Psychological Influences
Definition
Cognitive, Behavioral, and Interpersonal
Term
Psychological Tradition
Definition
Psychological disorders are caused by psychological or social influences
Term
Psychological disorders in the 14th century
Definition
Individuals who exhibited abnormal behavior were believed to be possessed by evil spirits
Term
Psychological disorders in the 16th Century
Definition
Psychological problems not caused by demonic possession but rather were caused by the movement of the moon and stars (LUNA-tic)
Caused by infection, head trauma, heredity, HUMORAL IMBALANCE
Term
Psychopathology
Definition
The scientific study of psychological disorders.
Describe, Determine Cause, Treat
Term
Psychosocial Approach
Definition
Modern treatment practice that focuses on social, cultural, and psychological influences
Term
Rationalization
Definition
Conceals true motives for actions, thoughts, or feelings through elaborate reassuring or self-serving but incorrect explanations
Term
Reaction Formation
Definition
Substitutes that are direct opposite of unacceptable ones
Term
Reification
Definition
Treating something as concrete when it isn't
Term
Reliability
Definition
Individual getting the same diagnosis from separate psychologists
Term
Repression
Definition
Blocks disturbing wishes, thoughts, etc from conscious awareness
Term
Scientist Practioners
Definition
a mental heath professional who is expected to apply scientific methods to their clinical work
Term
Self-Actualizing
Definition
People strive to acheive their highest potential against difficult life experiences
Term
Sigmund Freud
Definition
Austrian Physician
Psychoanalytic Theory
First major pyschological approach in 20th century
Term
Signs
Definition
Problems observed by the therapist or diagnostician
Ex> Crying; White blood cell count
Term
Statistical Infrequency
Definition
a characteristic not statistically normal or par of the average
(schizophrenia, Alzheier's)
Term
Study of abnormal behavior or psychopathology is concerened about
Definition
Behaviors, Thoughts, Emotions
Term
Sublimation
Definition
Directs maladaptive feelings into socially acceptable behavior
Term
Superego (Iceburg Metaphor)
Definition
Conscience
Moral Principle
Term
Supernatural Tradition
Definition
Psychological disorder are caused by supernatural forces
Term
Symptoms
Definition
Problems reported by client
Ex> Difficulty sleeping
Term
Syndrome
Definition
Collection or signs and symptoms with no agreed upon cause
Ex>Asperger's Syndrome
Term
Time-Limited Course
Definition
Short period
Term
Transference
Definition
Patients relate to the therapist as they do to important authority figures
(countertransference)
Term
Uncoditional Positive Regard
Definition
Accepting a clients feelings or actions without condeming them or judging them
Term
Validity
Definition
Accuracy of statements and predictions about diagnosis
Term
What are the two types of disorders?
Definition
Syndrome
Disease
Term
What influences our definition of abnormality
Definition
Society
Term
What is abnormal behavior?
Definition
Atypical or not culturally expected behavior
Term
Why are symptoms a difficulty in mental health?
Definition
No measures for signs, all based on self report
Term
Physiology
Definition
The study of biological function
Term
4 Basic types of tissue
Definition
Nervous
Muscle
Epithelial
Connective
Term
Intracellular Fluid
Definition
All body fluid inside of cells
Term
Extracellular Fluid
Definition
All fluid outside of cells
Term
Plasma
Definition
Fluid portion of blood, mostly water (93% by volume)
contains dissolved proteins
Term
Interstitial Fluid
Definition
"Tissue-Filled"
Bathes the cells within the organs
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
Consistency of the internal environment in the body
Term
Negative Feedback
Definition
Rate of the process decreases as the concentration of the product increase
Term
Positive Feedback
Definition
Rate of the process increases as the concentration of the product increases
Term
Intrinsic Control Systems
Definition
"Built In" to the organs being regulated

Ex.) Heart and Kidney
Term
Extrinsic Control Systems
Definition
Regulation of an organ by the nervous and endocrine systems

Must overule the intrinsic system
Term
Protons
Definition
Positive charge of an atom

Found in Nucleus
Term
Neutrons
Definition
Neutral charge of an atom

Found in nucleus
Term
Electrons
Definition
Negative charge of an atom
Term
Atomic Number
Definition
Number of protons
Term
Atomic Mass
Definition
Protons + Neutrons
Term
Isotope
Definition
2 structures with identical molecular formula, but different structures/characteristics
Term
Covalent Bond
Definition
Atoms of a molecule share electrons
Term
Ionic Bond
Definition
Cations (+) bond with Anions (-)

Ex) Na+ --> Cl- = NaCl
Term
Polar Bond
Definition
Bond that has an atom the hogs more of the charges, creating a polarity within the molecule
Term
Non-polar Bond
Definition
Bond the has equal charges to each molecule
Term
Hydrophobic
Definition
Non-polar molecules that are insoluble in water
Term
Hydrophillic
Definition
Polar molecules that are soluble in water
Term
Amphipathic
Definition
Compound that is both Hydrophillic and Lipophilic
Term
Water
Definition
Polar Bond
-Oxygen shares the electrons with Hydrogen

Hydrogen Bonds
-Weak H-bonds between water molecules
Term
Primary Protein Structure
Definition
Peptide Bonds
Term
Secondary Protein Structure
Definition
H-Bonds and Peptide bonds
Term
Tertiary Protein Structure
Definition
Disulfide Bonds
Term
Quaternary Protein Structure
Definition
Non-covalent, hydrogen, peptide, and Disulfid bonds
Term
Nucleotide subunits
Definition
Nitrogenous bases
5 carbon sugar
Phosphate
Term
3 types of RNA
Definition
Messenger (mRNA)
Ribosomal (rRNA)
Transfer (tRNA)
Term
Dehydration Synthesis
Definition
Formation of large molecules by the removal of water
Term
Hydrolysis
Definition
Breakdown of molecules using water
Term
Cell membrane
Definition
"Edge of Life"
Semi-permeable
Gives cell shape and controls what leaves/enters cell
Term
Nucleus
Definition
Control center of cell

Made of nucleolus and Nuclear envelope
Term
Nucleolus
Definition
Nonmembraneous mass of protein and RNA molecules

Produce rRNA for ribosomes
Term
Nuclear Envelope
Definition
Double membrane organelle

Supports nucleus and controls passage of materials
Term
Cytoplasm
Definition
Juice content inside cell but outside nucleus
Term
Cytosol
Definition
Liquid portion of the cytoplasm

Cannot be removed by centrifugation
Term
Cytoskeleton
Definition
Lattice of microfilaments and microtubules

Provides structural organization for cell shape and organelles
Term
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
Assists in protein synthesis

Manufacture of phospholipids used in produced cell membrane

Manufacture secreted proteins
Term
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
Produces packages to Golgi complex

Synthesizes lipids, phospholipids used to produce cell membrane

Drug Detox
Term
Golgi Complex (Apparatus)
Definition
"Post office"
Recieves, identifies, sorts, ships vessicles
Term
Lysosomes
Definition
Membrane enclosed bag of hydrolitic enzymes

Intracellular digestive system (Hydrolysis)
Term
Peroxisomes
Definition
Small membraneous sacs

Contains oxidative enzymes for detoxifacation
Term
Vaults
Definition
Barrel-Shapped octagons
Fits into nuclear pores
Controls transport of materials in/out of nucleus
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
Double-membrane organelle

Powerhouse of cell- Makes ATP
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
Produced by nucleus

Synthesizes Proteins
Term
Helicases
Definition
Molecules/enzyme breaks the helix (H-bonds)

Separates DNA strands
Term
DNA Polymerase
Definition
Enzyme that ties nucleotides together

Semi-Conservative Duplication
Term
Semi-Conservative Duplication
Definition
Produce two copies that ech contained one of the original strands and one new strand
Term
Cyclins
Definition
Chemicals that control different cell phases
Term
P53 Genes
Definition
Tumor suppressant genes
Turns off cyclins
Term
Pathological Cell Death
Definition
Natural Reasons
Term
Apoptosis
Definition
Programmed cell death
Term
Interphase
Definition
Cell is undergoing normal functions
Term
Gap 1 (Cell Cycle)
Definition
Cell increases in size
Term
Restriction Point (Cell Cycle)
Definition
Makes sure cell is ready for DNA synthesis
Term
Synthesis Phase (Cell Cycle)
Definition
DNA replication occurs
Term
Gap 2 (Cell Cyle)
Definition
Cell continues to grow

Makes sure cell is ready to enter mitosis
Term
Mitosis
Definition
Cell growth stops and cellular energy focused on dividing
Term
Prophase (Cell Cyle)
Definition
Chromatin condenses into chromosomes
Nucleolus disappears
Term
Metaphase (Cell Cyle)
Definition
Chromosomes line up
Term
Anaphase (Cell Cyle)
Definition
Chromosomes break at centromeres, and sister chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell
Term
Telophase (Cell Cyle)
Definition
Nuclear membrane reforms

Nucleoli appear

Chromosomes unwind into chromatin
Term
Cytokinesis
Definition
Cleavage Furrow

Cell spilts into two
Term
Transciption
Definition
Rewrite the DNA template in mRNA form

In nucleus
Term
Translation
Definition
Ribosome creates new amino acid chain from transcription

In cytosol
Term
Catalyst
Definition
Speeds up the rate of chemical reactions
Term
Endergonic reactions
Definition
Chemical reactions that require input of energy
Term
Exergonic reactions
Definition
Reactions that convert molecules with more free energy to molecules with less free energy, releasing energy as the reaction proceeds
Term
Examples of energy carriers
Definition
NADH, FADH, ATP
Term
Anaerobic respiration
Definition
Cellular respiration without oxygen
Term
Aerobic respiration
Definition
Cellular respiration with oxygen
Term
Glycolysis
Definition
Breakdown of 1 molecule of glucose to 2 molecules of pryuvate
Term
Cell membrane
Definition
Double lipid bilayer

Has phospholipid heads and fatty acid tails
Term
Desmosomes
Definition
"Spot Welds"

Filaments extending between cell membranes
Term
Tight Junctions
Definition
Impermeable junctions
Term
Gap Junctions
Definition
Communication Junctions

Ion movement through channels

Small ions
Term
Simple Diffusion
Definition
Passive movement down a concentration gradient

Ex.) Electrical gradient
Term
Facilitated Diffusion
Definition
Needs a carrier

Pasive and Active
Term
Passive Diffusion
Definition
High to low concentration movement
No energy required
Term
Active Diffusion
Definition
Requires energy (ATP)

Low to High cocentration movement
Term
Exocytosis
Definition
Movement out of the cell
Term
Endocytosis
Definition
Movent into the cell
Term
Osmosis
Definition
Net diffusion of water down its concentration gradient

Water moving to area of high solute concentration
Term
All or None Law
Definition
Neuron either generates an AP or it does not
Term
Myelinization
Definition
Insulates the current so it stays directed in the neuron

Makes conduction 50x faster

Thicker fiber--> Faster conduction
Term
Electrical Signals
Definition
Rapid, transient changes in membrane potential
Term
RMP
Definition
Resting Membrane Potential
Term
Polarization
Definition
A separation of opposite charges
Term
Depolarizaton
Definition
Membrane potential is reduced-moving more + inside

Excitatory
Term
Repolarization
Definition
Membrane returns to RMP after depolarization
Term
Hyperpolarization
Definition
Potential is greater than RMP

More negative than -70mVo
Term
Graded potentials
Definition
Short-lived

Decrease strength further that they have to travel

decremental (short distance communication)
Term
localized changes in membrane potential
Definition
varying grades or degrees of magnitude

multiple sizes
Term
Action potentials
Definition
only cells with "excitable membranes"
(Neurons; Muscle cells)

Brief, rapid reversals of membrane potential

Spread by local current flow

nondecrimental (long distance communication; does not lose power as it travels)
Term
Nondecrimental
Definition
(long distance communication; does not lose power as it travels)

Action Potential
Term
Decrimental
Definition
Short distance communication

Decreases in strength the further it moves from the initial active site
Term
How fast do changes occur in membrane potential during an action potential
Definition
.003 seconds- 3milliseconds
Term
What happens in the membrane potential during an action potential
Definition
Change in membrane permeability

Concentration ions on inside & Outside change
Term
Membrane potential at rest
Definition
1 Na in--> Na channels are closed

-70 K out--> K channels are open
Term
Membrane potential during an action potential
Definition
Na ions enter into the cell

Threshold- -50 to ~-55 mVs

Na channels open--> +30 mVs

When Na channels close, K channels open, and K moves out of cell (efflux)

cell has -70 mVs charge once again
Term
Influx
Definition
Na ions enter the cell
Term
Efflux
Definition
K ions move out of cell
Term
3 states of Na channels
Definition
Closed, but able to open with stimulation from a stimulus

Open- "activated" -working

Closed, and unable to open -"inactivated"- stimulus cannot open
Term
Refractory period
Definition
Closed sodium channels that cannot open even if a stimulus is applied
Term
Permeability changes and ion movement during an AP at rest
Definition
Polarization

membrane potential: -70 mVs (inside more negative than outside)

State of Na channels: Closed but can open if stimulus comes

Ion permeability: K channels open (1 set)
Term
Permeability changes and ion movement during an AP
Definition
Depolarization

Membrane potential- Moving from -70 to more positive reading when a stimulated by a stimulated

State of Na channels:
opened a few channels
-50 to -55 threshold is reached
Trigger Na channels to open
Na ion levels 600x > than K ion levels
Term
Permeability changes and ion movement during an AP at peak
Definition
Membrane potential: +30mVs

State of Na+ Channels: Closed and unable to open with a stimulus

Ion permeability- K+ channels open
Term
Permeability changes and ion movement during an AP during the falling phase
Definition
Repolarization

membrane potential: from +30mVs down to -70 mVs

State of Na channels- closed an unable to open

Voltage gated K channels: Open, K moves out (efflux)

Ion permeability- K moves out, no Na move
Term
Role of the Na/K-ATPase pump
Definition
Move Na+ back out of cell
Move K+ back into cell
Term
Pathway of neuron conduction
Definition
Gather info from dendrites
Soma
Axon hillock
Threshhold
ATP
Term
Refractory Period
Definition
Ion channels close and lock
Repolarize until RMP is to -70mVs then are able to open again
Term
Signal changes at a neural synapse
Definition
Electrical-->Chemical--> Electrical
Term
Excitatory synapse
Definition
Depolarization

Na channels open
More Na in--> more positive
Term
Inhibitory Synapse
Definition
Hyperpolarization

Increase in permeability to K+ or Cl-

K+ moves out of cell

Cell becomes more negative
Term
EPSP's
Definition
Excitatory post-synaptic potentials

Na+ influx
Term
IPSP's
Definition
Inhibitory post-synaptic potentials

Cl- influx
Term
GPSP
Definition
Grand post-synaptic potential

EPSP+IPSP
Term
Summation
Definition
characteristic of skeletal muscle is its ability to contract to varying degrees

More than a twitch
Term
Teporal summation
Definition
Summation over time
(frequency)
Term
Spatial summation
Definition
Summation over space
(multiple neurons fired)
Converging into many cells
Term
Convergence
Definition
Single cell is influenced by thousands of other cells
Term
Divergence
Definition
Branching at axon terminals into telodendria of other cells to cause one message to go to other cells
Term
ACh
Definition
Acetylcholine

Somatic motor neurons (excitatory)
Term
Muscarinic Receptors
Definition
Cardiac, smooth muscle, glands receptors
Term
Nicotinic Receptors
Definition
Receptors for

Brain

Autonomic Ganglia

Skeletal Muscle
Term
Ligand-Operated channel
Definition
Only ions

Nicotinic receptors

5 polypeptide subunits

Form channel that is chemically gated
Term
G-protein operated channel
Definition
Muscarinic Receptors

Only ions pass through

Alpha-beta-gamma complex -one of them activates channel to open
Term
AChE
Definition
acetylcholinesterase

Protein on postsynaptic membrane that works as an enzyme- reacts to breakdown neurontransmitter
Term
Monoamines
Definition
Neurotransmitters

Ex.) Serotonin & Dopamine
Term
Serotonin
Definition
Neurotransmitters

In Medulla & Pons

Regulates mood and behavior

Drugs: Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil- antidepressants (keep serotonin in synaptic cleft longer)
Term
Dopamine, Epinephrine, norepinephrine
Definition
In midbrain and basal nuclei

Limbic system

Motor control

Emotion/reward system

"Parkinson's"
Term
How are monoamines inactivated?
Definition
Inactivated by breaking down and re-uptake
Term
Neuroglial Cells
Definition
80% of neural tissue
Term
PNS
Definition
Everything but brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System
Term
CNS
Definition
Central Nervous System

Brain and Spinal Cord
Term
Schwann Cells
Definition
Form myelin sheath in PNS (Grey matter)

Increase rate of conduction by 50x
Term
Satellite Cells
Definition
Supports cells for Unipolar
Term
Oligodendrocytes
Definition
Myelin sheath in CNS (White Matter)

Increase conduction
Term
Microglia
Definition
Phagocytosis- "Pac Man" digest bad/degenerating cells
Term
Ependymal
Definition
Choroid Process--> Choroid Plexus

epithelial membrane lining the ventricular system of the brain and the spinal cord

Involved in production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Term
Astrocytes
Definition
Produce Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)

Most abundant neuroglial cells

Circulate CSF with cilia
Term
BBB
Definition
Blood Brain Barrier

Prevents brain from getting bad things from blood Ex.)Viruses
Term
Word root
Definition
main part, or foundation, of the word; it contains the word's essential meaning
Term
Suffix
Definition
placed at the ending of word. indicates a procedure, a condition, or a disease
Term
Prefix
Definition
an element located at the beginning of a term, often indicate number, position, direction, time, or negation
Term
Combining Vowel
Definition
links the word root to the suffix
Term
-ic
Definition
Pertaining to
Term
-itis
Definition
inflamation of
Term
cephal/o
Definition
relationship to head
Term
cyst/o
Definition
urinary bladder, cyst, or sac
Term
psych/o
Definition
mind
Term
-pathy
Definition
A disease or a feeling or a treatment for a disease
Term
sub-
Definition
below or under
Term
cyt/o
Definition
Cell
Term
-cyte
Definition
Cell
Term
-Kary/o
Definition
cell with nucleus
Term
_hist/o
Definition
tissue
Term
my/o
Definition
muscle tissue
Term
neur/o
Definition
nerve tissue
Term
Sarc/o
Definition
Connective tissue
Term
Lip/o
Definition
fat tissue
Term
osse/o
Definition
bone tissue
Term
-oid
Definition
resembling
Term
system/o
Definition
whole organ system
Term
somat/o
Definition
whole body
Term
chrom/o
Definition
color
Term
xanth/o
Definition
yellow
Term
-osis
Definition
abnormal condition
Term
erythr/o
Definition
red
Term
leuk/o
Definition
white
Term
cyan/o
Definition
blue
Term
melan/o
Definition
black
Term
-oma
Definition
tumor or mass
Term
-statis
Definition
control, stop, standing
Term
rhabd/o
Definition
striated
Term
gno/o
Definition
knowledge
Term
dia-
Definition
thorough or complete
Term
-sis
Definition
state of
Term
onc/o
Definition
tumor
Term
-genic
Definition
producing, originating, or causing
Term
-gen
Definition
substance that produces or causes
Term
eti/o
Definition
cause of disease
Term
idi/o
Definition
unknown cause of disease
Term
-plasia
Definition
condition of formation, development
Term
hypo-
Definition
below
Term
hyper-
Definition
above
Term
meta-
Definition
after, beyond, or changed
Term
neo-
Definition
new
Term
-plasm
Definition
growth, substance
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