Term
|
Definition
| the degree of closeness or remoteness individuals prefer in interaction with members of other groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the classification of others on the basis of limited information obtained visually and perhaps verbally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the general term that refers to the movement of people into and out of a specified area. within a country or from one country to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| narrower term that refers to the movement of people out of a country to settle in another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to the movement of people into a new country to become permanent residents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indicates relative power and status in a society. unrelated to numerical representation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency to marry within one group, by choice or by necessity, because of their social isolation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency to marry within one group, by choice or by necessity, because of their social isolation |
|
|
Term
| minority-group characteristics |
|
Definition
1. group receives unequal treatment.
2. group is easily identifiable
3. group feels a sense of group identity
4. ascribed status.
5. endogamy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group with the most status and power |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| categorization in which people sharing visible biological characteristics regard themselves or are regarded by others as a single group on that basis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| linking of biological conditions with alleged abilities and behavior to assert the superiority of one race |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shared cultural traits and/or national origin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a view of things in which one's own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| evaluates beliefs and behavior in the context of that culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group to which individuals belong and feel loyal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of all people who are not members of one's ingroup |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ingroup members almost automatically think of their group as better than outgroups because doing so enhances their own social status |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outgroup becoming a positive model if the members of the ingroup think it has a conspicuous advantage over them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a variation of ethnocentricism in which the content, emphasis, or both, in history, literature, and other humanities primarily |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a viewpoint that emphasizes African culture and its influence on Western civilization and the behavior of American blacks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| repeated observation, precise measurement, careful description, the formulation of theories based on the best possible explanations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| repeated observation, precise measurement, careful description, the formulation of theories based on the best possible explanations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| socially shared conceptions of what is good, desirable, and proper or bad, undesirable, and improper |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to any inaccurate comparison based on simplistic categorizations and anachronistic judgments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| examines only one aspect in society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emphasizes that the various parts of society have functions, or positive effects, that promote solidarity and maintain the stability of the whole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| obvious and intended results |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hidden and unexpected results |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| influenced by Karl Marx's socioeconomic view of an elite exploiting the masses, see society as being continually engaged in a series of disagreements, tensions, and clashes as different groups compete for limited resources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| holding attitudes that do not accurately reflect the objective facts of the situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| examines the microsocial world of personal interaction patterns in everyday life rather than the macrosocial aspects of social institutions and their harmony or conflict |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the shared symbols and definitions people use when communicating with one another |
|
|
Term
| social construction of reality |
|
Definition
| how people define their reality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the organized patterns of behavior among the basic components of a social system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of all physical objects created by members of a society and the meanings/ significance attached to them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of abstract human creations and their meanings/significance in life (such as attitudes, beliefs, customs, ideas, languages, lifestyles, norms, social institutions, and values) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of all elements shared by members of a society and transmitted to the next generation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| culture's rules of conduct - internalized by members - embodying the society's fundamental expectations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| minority groups adapt their distinctive cultural traits to those of the host society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| language may connote both intended and unintended prejudicial meanings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sounds but not words, such as a sign |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emphasizes how definitions lead to actions that produce consequences to conform to the original, ill-founded definition (relates to the Dillingham Flaw) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| each generation transmits its culture to the next generation, which learn those cultural definitions at an early age |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| even if the members of a dominant culture wish to keep the society untainted by contact with foreign elements, culture are influenced inevitably |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when assumptions are jolted through contact with an unfamiliar culture. characterized by feelings of disorientation, anxiety, and a sense of being threatened |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| settling in an area already containing family, friends, or compatriots who located there earlier |
|
|
Term
| parallel social institutions |
|
Definition
| clubs, organizations, newspapers, stores, churches, and schools duplication those of the host society by immigrants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immigrants sometimes develop a group consciousness unknown in their old countries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| newly arrived group forges its community and subculture. shaped partly by the core culture in absorbing and modifying elements and modifying others, the group also retains, modifies or drops elements from its cultural heritage as it adapts to its new country |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they tend toward assimilation with the dominant society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unassimilated subcultures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hierarchical ranking of the members of society based on the unequal distribution of resources, power, and prestige |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| designates people's place in the stratification hierarchy, identifying those in each grouping who share similar levels of income and status, amounts of property and power, and types of lifestyle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| asking people how they thought others compared to them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| subsocieties resulting from the intersection of stratifications of race and ethnic group with stratifications of social class |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the large-scale entrance of minorities into mainstream social organization and institutions will eventually occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| structural barriers of discrimination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transmission of cultural inadequacies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cultural differences may range from clothing, to religion, to leisure activities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| living under stress in two cultures simultaneously |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| perpetuated a cycle of poverty and deprivation that only government intervention could overcome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the visible and cultural differences between the arriving minority group and the indigenous group |
|
|
Term
| structural differentiation |
|
Definition
| how structural conditions affect intergroup relations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability of individuals to improve their job position |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the structured inequality of different groups with different access to social rewards as a result of their status in the social hierarchy |
|
|
Term
| power-differential theory |
|
Definition
| intergroup relations depend on the relative power of the migrant group and the indigenous group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the dominant group exercises almost absolute control over the subordinate group and can direct virtually unlimited coercion to maintain social order |
|
|
Term
| cognitive level of prejudice |
|
Definition
| encompasses a person's beliefs and perceptions of a group as threatening or nonthreatening, inferior or equal, seclusive or intrusive, impulse gratifying, acquisitive, or possessing other positive or negative characteristics |
|
|
Term
| emotional level of prejudice |
|
Definition
| encompasses the feelings that a minority group arouses in an individual |
|
|
Term
| action-orientation of prejudice |
|
Definition
| positive or negative predisposition to engage in discriminatory behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves denigrating a person or group to justify maltreatment of them |
|
|
Term
| authoritarian personality |
|
Definition
| parents assume an excessively domineering posture in their relations with a child |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| directing their hostility against a powerless group to compensate for their feelings of insecurity and fear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lack of resources, or rewards, in one's standard of living in comparison with others in the society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blaming others for something that is not their fault |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| individuals acquire the values, attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions of their culture or subculture, including religion, nationality, and social class |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| establishing segregated public facilities throughout the South, which subsequent generations accepted as proper and maintained in their own lives |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an oversimplified generalization by which we attribute certain traits or characteristics to an entire group without regard for individual differences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a derogatory word or expression used to describe a racial or ethnic group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| absorb information that accords with their own beliefs and rationalize away information that does not |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| actual behavior, the practice of differential and unequal treatment of other groups of people, usually along racial, religious, or ethnic lines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| social customs of residential segregation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a range of actions committed against people targeted solely beecause of their race, religion, ethnic background, or sexual orientation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the creation of a social distance between groups |
|
|
Term
| institutional discrimination |
|
Definition
| the unequal treatment of subordinate groups inherent in the ongoing operations of society's institutions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stipulated the government contractors would take action that applicants are employed and that employees are treated during employment without regard to their race |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| action taken by law enforcement officials on the basis of race or ethnicity instead of an individual's behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| minorities turn inward to their own group for social and economic activities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people at the bottom of the socioeconomic ladder, particularly members of victimized racial and ethnic groups, may respond to the pressures of everyday life in ways they consider reasonable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| minority group members may act openly to challenge and eliminate discriminatory practices |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maintains the superior position in society of the dominant group and subordinate position of the minority group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| using racial or ethnic stereotypes, the mainstream group may stigmatize a minority group and thereafter identify and treat its members as having those negative attributes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the marginal person internalizes the dominant group's cultural patterns without having gained full acceptance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| minorities in middle-income positions, typically in trade and commerce, where they play the role of middleman between producer and consumer between the elite and the masses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| physical separation of minorities from the rest of society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves confining participation in social, service, political, and other types of activities to members of the ingroup and thereby excluding the outgroup from any involvement |
|
|
Term
| split or dual labor market |
|
Definition
| two fields of employment, the primary labor market where workers enjoy decent wages, pay taxes, and receive benefits and the secondary labor market where mostly minorities work in unregulated low-paying jobs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where employers pay workers in cash under the table |
|
|
Term
| assimilation (majority-conformity) theory |
|
Definition
| functioning within a society of racial or ethnic minority-group members who no longer possess any marked cultural, social, or personal differences from the people of the dominant group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| arrival of a large number of inferior people in the preceding 30 years and the participation of the US in a European conflict |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the change of cultural patterns to match those of the host society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large-scale intermarriage with members of the majority society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large-scale entrance into the cliques, clubs, and institutions of the host society on a primary-group level |
|
|
Term
| secondary structural assimilation |
|
Definition
| typically involves the more impersonal public sphere of social interaction, such as intergroup mingling in civic, recreational, school or work environments |
|
|
Term
| primary structural assimilation |
|
Definition
| typically involves close, personal interactions between dominant and minority-group members in small group settings, such as parties, social clubs, and other activities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| holds that all the diverse peoples blend their biological and cultural differences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| being remade according to the idealized anglo-saxon mold |
|
|
Term
| accomodation (pluralistic) theory |
|
Definition
| recognizes persistence of ethnic and racial diversity (a+b+c=a+b+c) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two or more cultural distinct groups living in the same society in relative harmony |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the coexistence of racial and ethnic groups in subsocieties within social-class and regional boundaries |
|
|
