Term
women out number men in mortalities resulting from _____.
and why?
example? |
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Definition
environmental disasters
women are more likely to be indoors, more likely to be taking care of/looking out for children, clothing they wear hinders movement
tsunami |
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Term
| do physical or social/cultural factors of women lead to higher mortality rates in environmental disasters? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Commplex interaction of genes, hormones, environment, and behavior that affect the body. Biological. Male/Female. |
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Term
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Definition
| A social status, a legal description, and a personal identity. Socially constructed. Men/Women. |
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Term
| Nothing inherent of the body makes you a man or woman; nothing inherent of the body makes you dress a certain way. |
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Definition
| True. Clothing, hair styles, etc. are all socially constructed. They are things of GENDER, not sex. |
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Term
| there was no gender before it was socially constructed. |
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Definition
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Term
| Consequences of gender are NOT biological truth. |
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Definition
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Term
| Stereotypes of Men and Women |
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Definition
Men: more physical, aggressive, fiscally responsible, workers, strong.
Women: weaker, emotional, caretakers, domestic |
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Term
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Definition
| what most people do; what most people think others should do. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| There is not just ONE set feminism. |
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Definition
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Term
| Three Waves of Feminism (Liberal, white american movement) |
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Definition
1) Fight for Women's Suffrage--women's right to vote. Ended with the 19th amendment in 1920.
2)Activism -- 1960-70's. Focused on other inequalities; health, work/careers, role in marriage, higher education.
3)Embracing women from all Identities--1990's+. Included women of all races, ethnicities, sexualities, classes, etc. Not just liberal white women anymore. Gender relations/inequalities change in context of different women. |
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Term
| Three Waves of African Feminism |
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Definition
1) Postcolonialism -- 1950-70's.
Integrating women into economic development. Promoting cooperative groups of women economically and with work/careers. Training rural women to take leadership roles. Integrating women into projects that were focused on developing countries
2)Introduction of NGOs to the fight for gender equity -1980 International communication/organization/groups that were committed to solving womens problems. Non-governmental organizations that fought for gender equality
3) Launching of the African Union -- 2002.
New commitment to gender equity. Women made up ½ of the exec. body of the organization. In 2003, the protocol on the rights of the women in Africa was passed. |
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Term
| In 2003, the protocol on the rights of the women in Africa was passed |
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Definition
-Endorsed different ideas about gender realtions and the relation btwn sexualities.
-Endorsed that quotas increased in womens decisions in ALL decision making bodies.
-increased womens representation in all areas of govt.
-endorsed the ending of genital cutting of women. -Setting a minimal age of 18yrs old for women.
-Right for women to end pregnancy in cases of rape/incest/to save the mothers life |
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Term
| As humans, it is impossible to completely remove ourselves from any situation or social interaction. It is impossible to be 100% objective. |
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Definition
| true. feminists say to embrace it and have our research be grounded in the experiences of others. subjectivity is why we choose what we study in the first place. |
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Term
| Our explorations should discover ways to transform whats not working, better the lives of those who are oppressed, and try to help the group that we research |
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Definition
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Term
| By maintaining what we think of biological thruths, what we think of gender, generally keeps the ruling class in power (white men..) what are some of these "truths"? |
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Definition
| men are stronger, men are smarter..etc. all keep men in power, in higher up jobs, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| when we focus on ONE things and do not see the whole picture. If we just look through the lense of gender or race, we never see the full picture of a human being |
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Term
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Definition
a method of research that looks at the ways various characteristics of an individual affect their social lives. We all have a multitude of identities: daughter, girlfriend, american, girl, etc.
**gender, race, ethnicity, class, and sexuality** |
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Term
| intersectionality and oppression |
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Definition
the idea that in society hierarchies exist among gender (men>women) race (white >ethnic minorities) sexualities (hetero>LGBT). Within these hierarchies however there are intersections.
White women may have higher hierarchy over black women..
black upper class women may have higher hierarchy over white lower class men.. |
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Term
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Definition
-Culturally acceptable view of masculinity.
-Hegemonic = dominance
-linked to institutional power: military, business, govt |
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Term
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Definition
gay men, sissys, wimps, etc.
a "lesser" man.. |
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Term
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Definition
hegemonic masculinity
emphasized femeninity |
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Term
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Definition
societies idealized form of womanhood
-Organized by, financed by, and supervised by males |
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Term
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Definition
| spinsters, lesbians, prostitutes, madwomen, rebels, manual workers, and "bitches" |
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Term
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Definition
not determined by biology
-bisexual
-omnisexuality
-asexuality |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| attraction to both sexes, any sex, any gender, people of any sexual orientation |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of desire/attraction for both sexes |
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Term
| humans generally have ___ chromosomes. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| generally comes from the egg. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| missing chromosome, Turner Syndrome. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) |
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Definition
hormone masculinizes an XX chromosomal background
increased hormone production |
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Term
| Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (CAH) |
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Definition
individuals with XY chromosomes appear to be completely female, often times very very feminine looking
body does not process the Y chromosome at all |
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Term
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Definition
individuals born with the genitalia of both sexes
for some, their chromosomes do not match their genitals
people may be born with both ovarian and testicular tissue
some have external genitalia of one sex and internal gonads of the other. |
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Term
| In the past, many hermaphrodites did not make it past adulthood. |
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Definition
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Term
| how were sexes defined in medieval europe? |
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Definition
| There was only male; female considered a lesser degree of male, a less perfect male |
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Term
| How many sexes are there? |
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Definition
| Hard to say because in some societies there can be more than one sex. |
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Term
| In the middle ages, bodies were miniature societies. What does this mean? |
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Definition
| Bodies were one large component with parts that had to work together. This thought legitimized men's dominance. |
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Term
| in the middle ages the standard of the human body was the male body. |
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Definition
| This made women a "defect" because their bodies were not like men's bodies. |
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Term
| in the middle ages, how did they feel the woman's body was corrupt? |
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Definition
| People thought women's reproductive organs were men's organs turned inside out. Female "fluids" were more corrupt than men's as well (semen vs menstrual fluid) |
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Term
| precapitalist society, women partnered with men in producing family subsistence. What caused this to diminish? |
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Definition
| Industrial Revolution. People were now able to buy things thus men, the ones who worked and brought the money, became the ones who essentially provided. |
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Term
| What did the industrial revolution do for men and women? |
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Definition
| It made industrial work, a mans job, more important because it brought in money. In turn, it made domestic work seem less important. |
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Term
| The industrial revolution was the start of the two sex system. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
If we believe things are real, they are real in their consequence.
If we believe men and women's bodies are different, we will consequently see the bodies as different. |
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Term
| some cultures recognize a third gender. explain. |
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Definition
women-men AND men-women.
these are two-spirit people. distinct form male/female. |
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Term
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Definition
| third gendered people who took up occupations designated for women and had relationships with men. They were either born male or intersexed and then took on the gender of female. |
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Term
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Definition
| biologically female but lived like men. took up work of men such as hunting, fishing, and fighting in war. They also married men. |
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Term
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Definition
male external genitalia is not present. not male, not female, not homosexual.
Defined by the absence of male genitalia. |
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Term
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Definition
| people with male bodies will be men; people with female bodies will be women. |
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Term
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Definition
gender is rooted in social relationships.
we acquire gender; nurtured to have one gender or another.
this is the NURTURE of nature vs nurture |
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Term
| evolutionary psychologists and sociobiologists believe that... |
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Definition
darwinism.
sex and gender are naturally selected. |
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Term
| three things scientists say could be derived from natural selection: |
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Definition
1) rape
2) male dominance
3)heterosexuality |
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Term
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Definition
demands that you are either male or female
are NOT concerned with bio or social construction.. |
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Term
| sociologists in the 1970's proposed that sexuality was governed by scripts derived from socially learned gender roles. |
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Definition
This means that sexuality was the outcome of learning a sexual vocabulary of motives in adolescence.
We learn to recognize feelings and desires and translate them into socially validated actions. |
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Term
| in the 1970's what were boys and girls sexual scripts like? |
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Definition
girls- scripted on the love and romantic side
boys- scripted in the sexual interest, more physical side |
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Term
| bodies are produced through body reflective practices. |
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Definition
bodies are the site of social practice.
they are transformed through social practices to be one gender/sexuality.
the social practices have physical outcomes. |
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Term
| gender also transforms our bodies. |
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Definition
the way you walk, talk, do your hair are determined by gender.
if you get cosmetic surgery, genital surgery, hormone therapy, it is all to be more like a particular gender. |
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Term
| Sexuality is NOT universal. What does this mean? |
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Definition
It has evolved and changed over history.
It removes the body from the biological realm and places it in the social realm. |
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Term
| Homo and hetero sexuality were not invented until the 19th century. What was it before? |
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Definition
Before the late 19th century, people would participate in hetero/homosexual acts but their acts did not make them an identity. People just did what they wanted to do.
Then a new group of people were interested in sex ONLY for sex, not for reproduction: these were Hetero. (there was hetero vs normal)
Over time, hetero became normal as sex grew more popular. It was then hetero was normal and homo was not. |
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Term
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Definition
chromosomes are female
genitalia is male (or appears male)
CAH |
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Term
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Definition
male chromosomes
female genitalia
alpha 5 reductase
AIS |
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Term
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Definition
| both ovarian and testicular tissue in one or both gonads |
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Term
| Complete/undertermined intersex |
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Definition
XO (only one chromosome)
XXY
XXX |
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Term
| in the late 19th century, the medical examination of soldiers and prostitutes revealed that there were many nonstandard anatomies. |
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Definition
| called it hermaphroditism (hermes + aphrodite) |
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Term
| by the 1920's experts were beginning to use surgery to "fix" intersex |
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Definition
| most were purely cosmetic reasons, not because there was a health risk. |
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Term
| What did Dr. Money say/think/do about intersex? |
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Definition
by changing ones body, it would save them from ridicule later on.
he was certian that a child/infants mind is malleable.
John/Joan case: John had a botched circumcision. Made into Joan. Had a wife and kids but later committed suicide. |
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Term
| 17/1000 ambiguously sexed infants each year. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| intersex society of north america |
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Term
| bc of the ISNA, since 1993 medical professionals are less inclined to lie to patients and parents in intersex cases. |
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Definition
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Term
| even today, the goal of many people treating intersex is to make it go away. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| to have people understand intersex conditions as human rights issues |
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Term
| ISNA's position on surgery? |
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Definition
| if there is no health risk, children should grow up as they were born and have open discussions with Dr.'s and parents about the situation and let the intersexed person decided when they are older and can make decisions themselves. |
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