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| All collective efforts to ensure conformity to the norms |
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| Direct social pressure from those around us |
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| Activities by specialists and specialized organizations devoted to ensuring conformity to the norms |
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| The extent to which citizens comply with important norms |
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| To the extent that the behavior of group members is easily observed by other members, their degree of conformity to group norms will be greater |
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| The more dependent that members are upon a group, the more they conform to group norms. By dependence is meant the extent to which a group is the only available source of important rewards. |
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| Principle of Extensiveness |
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Definition
| The greater the scope and extent of norms upheld by the group are, the greater the contribution to overall social order will be |
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| As a form of social control, all efforts to remove the opportunity for deviance or to deactivate its causes |
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| The use of punishment or threat to make people unwilling to risk deviance |
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| The proposition that the more rapid, the more certain, and the more severe the punishment for a crime, the lower the rate at which that crime will occur |
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| The inability of offenders to commit new offenses while they are in jail or prison |
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| The proportion of persons convicted for a criminal offense who are later convicted for committing another crime. Sometimes this rate is computed as the proportion of those freed from prison who are sentenced to prison again |
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| Efforts to change a person's socialization; that is, to socialize a person over again in hopes of getting him or her to conform to the norms |
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Term
| Hunting and Gathering Societies |
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Definition
| The most primitive human societies; their rather small numbers of members live by wandering in pursuit of food from animals and plants |
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| Societies that live by farming. Although these were the first societies able to support cities, they usually require that about 95 percent of the population be engaged in agriculture |
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| Societies with economies based on the manufacturing in which machines perform most of the heavy labor |
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| The process by which technology is substituted for manual labor as the basis of production |
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| Mobility that occurs when an individual or group rises from the bottom to the top of the stratification system |
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| The process by which individuals achieve their positions in the stratification system |
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| Culture that consists primarily of acquired tastes: appreciation of art, literature, music, furnishings, food and wine that requires experience and instruction. |
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| The number of classes, status groups, occupations, and cultures included in one's social network. |
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| Conflict between groups that are racially or culturally different |
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| A human group having some biological features that set it off from other human groups |
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| Groups that think of themselves as sharing special bonds of history and culture that set them apart from others |
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| A stratification system wherein cultural or racial differences are used as the basis for ascribing status |
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| Allport's Theory of Contact |
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Definition
| Theory holding that contact between groups will improve relations only if the groups are of equal status and do not compete with one another |
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| Term used by Gunnar Myrdal to describe the contradiction of a society committed to democratic ideals but sustaining racial segregation |
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| Noticeable differences between two or more groups that become associated with status conflicts between two groups |
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| Cultural Division of Labor |
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Definition
| A situation in which racial or ethnic groups tend to specialize in a limited number of occupations |
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Definition
| Racial or ethnic groups restricted to a limited range of occupations in the middle, rather than lower, level of the stratification system. |
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| Theory that proposes that the spatial concentration of an ethnic group permits it to create its own business enterprises, thus speeding the economic progress of the group |
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| The degree to which a racial or an ethnic group can be recognized-how easily those in such a group can pass as members of the majority |
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