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Definition
| nonconformity to a set of norms that are accepted by a significant number of people in a society or community |
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Definition
| any reaction from others that is meant to ensure that a person or a group compiles with a given norm. Can be positive (reward) or negative (punishment) |
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| Courts & prisons represent formal __________'s in modern society |
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| norms defined by governments as principles that their citizens must follow; sanctions are used against people who do not conform to them |
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| Biological view on deviance |
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Definition
| the idea that genetics or physical traits can determine an individual's likelihood of being a criminal |
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Term
| psychological view on deviance |
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Definition
| the idea that certain personality types are more likely to be criminal than others. |
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| Funcionalist theory of deviance |
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Definition
| see crime & deviance resulting from structural tension & a lack of moral regulation within society |
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Term
| Merton's view of deviance |
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Definition
| strain is put on individuals when accepted norms conflict with social reality. |
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Term
| Interactionalist theories of deviance |
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Definition
| deviance is socially constructed |
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Definition
| when someone is labeled to be deviant (primary deviation) and then accepts and acts upon it (secondary deviation) |
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| Conflict theory of deviance |
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Definition
deviance is deliberate and often political
"individuals chose to engage in deviant behavior in response to the inequalities of the capitalist system" |
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Definition
*many crimes (maybe half) never reported
*crime rates have declines since their peak in the 1990's due to strong economy and declining crack markey |
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| Most -> Least common crimes |
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Definition
1. aggravated assault
2. robbery
3. forcible rape
4. murder |
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Definition
| women are less dangerous & are sent to prison less because of the stereotypes linked to them by society |
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| women are erratic but need protection at the same time |
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| women are overwhelmingly the victims |
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Definition
crime of affluent people
ex: tax fraud, antitrust violations, illegal sales
-efforts to detect are limited
-rarely go to jail
-affect more people than low-class crimes |
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Definition
offenses committed by large corporations
ex: pollution, mislabeling, violations of health/safety |
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Definition
institutionalized form of crime
*central part of global economy
ex: gambling, drug dealing, prostitution |
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Definition
| -do not seem to deter crime |
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can be reassuring to public,
is now less about controlling crime, more about managing risks |
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| systematic differences in wealth and power among countries |
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Term
| _____ % live in low income countries, while _____ % live in high income |
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Definition
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-usually industrialized first
-16 % population, 76% of wealth |
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Definition
-industrialized late,
-47 % population, 20.8 % of wealth
-lower standard of living
-Asia, middle east, north africa, central/south americas, Soviet union |
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Definition
-mostly agricultural economies; just beginning to industrialize
-36% population, 3.3% of wealth
-poverty, malnutrition, starvation
-Africa, vietnam, india, eastern/central european countries |
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| drought, conflict, economic problems, disease |
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Newly industrialized economy
ex: Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea |
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Term
| reasons why NIE's have had such rapid econ. success: |
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Definition
-evolved from colonial relationships
-growth during cold war when US & Allies provided aid
-Confucianism
-gov followed strong policies at expense of workers for economic growth |
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Term
| 6 main theories of global inequality: |
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Definition
1.market-oriented
2.modernization
3.neoliberalism
4.world-systems
5. state centered
6. global commodity |
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Term
| Market-Oriented theory of global inequality |
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Definition
-blames government
-gov shouldn't dictate what to produce, how much to charge, what to pay workers |
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Term
| Modernization theory of global inequality |
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Definition
blame: individuals
-failing of people themselves; they accept their lives and don't try to improve them.
-cultural and institutional barriers explain low-income |
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Definition
blame: restrictions on trade.
-free market & trade are route to economic growth |
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| Dependancy theory of global inequality |
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Definition
blame: wealthy countries
-economic fate of poor countries still determined by wealthy ones |
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Term
| world systems theory of global inequality |
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Definition
| "individual countries are economically tied" |
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Definition
| worldwide networks of labor and production from raw material to final consumer |
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| State-centered theory of global inequality |
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Definition
-emphasize role of government in fostering economic development
-public housing, cheap business loans, banning unions= success @ expense of workers |
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Definition
| physical difference between women and men |
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Definition
| cultural and psychological differences between women and men |
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Definition
-learning gender roles through social agents
-boys/girls treated differently from birth
-behavior based on parent's expectations |
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Definition
| male dominance in society |
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cause: gender typing, sex segregation
-jobs pay less if they contain higher population of females: ex: hairdresser, teacher, secretary |
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Definition
| requires employers to pay equally for the same job but doesn't account for gender typing |
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Definition
lack of sponsorship by powerful superiors for a promotion (of a woman in the workforce)
causing her to be stuck in a lower position |
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Definition
| a man in a workforce surrounded by women is likely to be offered promotions often, pushing in constantly upward |
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Definition
| men are socialized to see women as sex objects and feel entitlement to women |
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Term
| funcionalist approach to gender inequality |
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Definition
-women & men perform tasks for which they are biologically best suited
-division of labor ensures solidarity of family
-most logical basis for organization of society |
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Definition
identify seperate factors of inequality: sexism in work, media, schooling, etc.
-explain gender differences in terms of social/cultural attitudes |
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Definition
"men are responsible" for exploitation of women
-don't believe in reform, believe in overthrow
-family = primary cause of women's oppression |
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Definition
| cultural practices and outlooks of a given community |
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Definition
| physical characteristics treated by members of a society as signaling cultural characteristics. the classification system that assigns individuals to groups, categories & ranks |
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Definition
prejudice based on socially significant physical distinctions
-racists believe some are superior/inferior to others based on race |
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| policies promoted by institutions discriminating against certain groups |
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| thought/action taken to eradicate racism |
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| opinions/attitude held by members of one group toward another |
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| actual behavior toward another group |
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| feelings of hostility directed at those who are not really the origins of anxieties |
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| blaming another group for something that they had little/nothing to do with, in order to project anxieties and insecurities |
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| thinking in inflexible terms |
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| white/black symbols in European culture |
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Definition
| white= purity, black = evil |
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Definition
| Gobineau's theory of whites, blacks and yellows was presented as scientific evidence in the 1800's |
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Definition
| immigrants assume attitudes & language of dominant white culture |
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| merging cultures and outlooks, stirring them together |
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| ethnic groups exist seperately but participate in a larger society's economic and political life |
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Definition
| ethnic groups exist seperately but equally |
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Definition
| movement of people into a country to settle |
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| when people leave a country to settle in another |
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Definition
war, famine, political oppression, population pressures...
factors that initiate emigration from one country |
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Definition
factors that initiate immigration into the new country.
ex: labor markets, better living, low population density |
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Term
| Caste's and Miller's migration patterns |
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Definition
-acceleration
-diversification
-globalization
-feminization |
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Term
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Definition
| migration occuring in greater numbers |
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Definition
| most countries receive immigrants of many types |
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| globalization (migration pattern) |
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Definition
| involves great number of countries |
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Term
| feminization (migration pattern) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-forced/voluntary movement from homeland (split among where they end up)
-shared memory of homeland/commitment to preservation
-strong ethnic identity sustained through time
-degree of tension related to host societies
-potential for vaulable contibutions to host societies |
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Term
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Definition
victim: jewish, african, armenian
imperial: british
labor: indian
trade: chinese
cultural: caribbean |
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Term
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Definition
| US is made almost entirely of immigrants |
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Term
| Wilson's theory on racial inequality |
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Definition
| race is diminishing in importance, inequalities are now based on race |
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Definition
| political apparatus in which officials enact policies and make decisions |
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Definition
| use of power to affect government actions |
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Definition
| capacity to achieve one's aim even against resistance of others; often involves force |
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Definition
| government's use of legitimate power |
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Term
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Definition
governmental institution ruling over a territory
-authority backed by legal system
-capacity to implement policies |
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Definition
-sovereignty
-citizenship
-nationalism |
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Definition
| authority over given area |
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| people have common rights and duties and are aware that they are part of the state |
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| sense of being part of a broader political community |
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freedoms/privileges guaranteed by the law-
ex: speech, religion, equal justice before law |
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Definition
| ensures citizens may participate in politics |
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Definition
guarantee minimum standard of living
-sickness benefits, unemployment, minimum wage |
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Definition
| when gov. orgs. provide material benefits for those who cannot support themselves |
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Term
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| (direct democracy) = everyone involved in all decision making |
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| citizens have to vote between political parties for representative entrusted with decision making |
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| royal family whose powers are restricted by a constitution putting authority in the hands of elected representatives |
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| organization oriented toward achieving legitimate control of government through electoral process |
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Definition
| organizations that attempt to persuade elected officials to consider their aims when deciding on legislation |
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Definition
| persuading influential officials to vote in favor of a case |
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Term
| Max Weber & Schumpeter's theory = |
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Definition
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Definition
direct democracy is impossible as a means of regular government; running a complex society requires expertise
-rule of power elites is inevitable |
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| Pluralist theories of democracy |
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Definition
citizens have little/no direct influence on decision making
-competition of interest groups limits concentration of power of ruling elites |
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Term
| Why democracies are having trouble |
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Definition
-people losing faith in officials
-people not voting as much |
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Definition
| overthrow of existing political order by mass movement |
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Definition
| collective attempts to further common interests through action outside of established institution |
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Definition
| affluent's taxes going to providing for the poor, they feel they get nothings & demand lower taxation |
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Definition
| Marx argues that class struggles that derive from contradictions lead to revolution |
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Definition
tilly distinguishes 4 components of collective action
-organization
-mobilization
-common interests
-opportunity |
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Definition
| used by nations to establish a state where no state previously existed |
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| aims to reshape global society |
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| tactics aimed at killing or harming civilians to compel a government or population to act or stop acting in a particular way |
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| comprises either genetic ties or ties initiated by marriage |
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Definition
| group of kin having responsibility for children's upbringing |
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Definition
| a union of two persons living together in a socially approves sexual relationship |
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Definition
| a household in which a married couple or single parent lives with their own/adopted children |
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Definition
| where kin in addition to parents and children live in the same household or have close relationships |
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Term
| functions of a family (2) |
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Definition
-primary socialization (children learn social norms)
-personality socialization (adult personalities kept healthy) |
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Definition
-unequal domestic division of labor
-unequal power in relationships
-forced to do caring activities |
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| 1500-early 1600 family life |
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Definition
nuclear family with deep ties to community
family not major focus of emotional attachment
no choice in marriage; up to parents, kin, community |
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Definition
nuclear family because more distinct from community
-growing stress on marital and paternal love
-authority of father increased |
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Definition
marriage based on love
-domestic privacy
-preoccupation with childbearing |
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Term
| directions of global family change |
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Definition
-clans declining in influence
-free choice of spouse
-kin marriages less common
-rights of women more recognized
-sexual freedom
-better children's rights |
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Term
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Definition
-rising divorce rates
-more working women
-cohabitation more common
-more single parent households |
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Definition
-dependance on extended fam
-lowest fertility rates
-high median family income
-low divorce rates |
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Term
| Latino families in the US |
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Definition
-diverse family patterns
-cubans most prosporous, least fertile
-mexicans high birth rates, women have to work
-PR- most economically disadvantaged, high birthrates |
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Term
| African American fam in US |
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Definition
-large, complex support networks
-history of slavery contributed to higher rates of childbearing, lowe rates of marriage, female headed families |
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Term
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Definition
| for of culture consisting of shared beliefs, values, norms, and material conditions that create common identity among group |
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