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| french philosopher considered father of sociology |
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| abstract shared ideals that structure the symbols of a given culture |
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| reflect and reinforce values |
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| symbols and material goods |
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| often one and the same in a culture |
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| contain their own values and norms within a given culture--pride themselves on non-conformity but often have strict rules of conformity |
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| the degree to which a member of a subculutre adapts to the norms and values of the hegemonic culture |
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| the manifest of latent beliefe in the superiority of one's own ethnic group |
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| aims to explain group interactions of all animals (nature v. nurture |
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| collections of people who share a sense of common identity and regualrly interact with one another on the basis of shared expectations |
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| a group that a particular individual shares a sense of wee-ness with, a group within which he/she feels he/she belongs |
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| a group with which that individual feels exclusion or lack of common interest rather than belonging |
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| a small social group whose members share close, personal, enduring relationships. These groups are marked by member’s concern for one another, and shared activities and culture |
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| interact on a less personal level than a primary group, and their relationships are temporary rather than long lasting. |
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| provide standards by which we judge ourselves in terms of how we think we appear to other, what sociologist’s C. H. Cooley termed the “looking glass self” |
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| constitute a broad source of relationships, direct and indirect, including connections that maybe important in business and politics. |
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| characterized by a clearly defined hierarchy of authority, written rules governing the conduct of officials and a separation between tasks within the organization and life outside it—Max weber |
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| author of “Discipline and the Birth of the Prison”, examines a chronologival social shift in methods of public control |
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| a society internalize rules and norms in order to police themselves, with very minimal visible outward force necessary |
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| says that sociology is composed of: stasitics and theory |
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| a quality of mind that will help people to use information and to develop reason in order to achieve lucid summations of what may be happening within themselves |
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| are great waves of enthusiasm, indignation, and pity that have their seat in no one individual consciousness |
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| says people respond to statistics either: awestruck or critical |
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| came up with 4 types of sociology: professional, public, critical, and policy |
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| anything that falls outside of a prescribed norm |
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| that human beings are not capable of direct, unmediated knowledge of the world. That all of our experiences are mediated through the experiences of the world are mediated through the human mind, which universally structures perceptions according to a priori concepts of time and space |
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| an attribute which is deeply discrediting and that reduces the person from a whole and usual person to a tainted or discredited one |
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| the result of a trajectory of social change that has lead us from hunting and gathering societies to pre-modern feudalist guild structures to premodern industrial society |
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| which depends on promotes constant innovation and revision of productive technology. Science and technology also affect political factors, especially the emergence of the modern state with its relatively efficient forms of government |
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| superseding the industrial ers; society based on the importance of information and service, rather than on manufacturing and industrialization. |
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| involves the division of people socioeconomically into layers, or strata, meaning that they occupy unequal positions in society. |
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| refers to the esteem, or "social honor," given to individuals or groups. |
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| is a lack of basic resources needed to maintain a healthy existence |
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| involves assessing the gaps between the living conditions of some groups and those enjoyed by the majority of the population. |
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| refers to processes by which individuals become cut off from full involvement in the wider society. |
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| common cultural characteristics that separate them from others within a given population; learned, although they are sometimes depicted as “natural.” |
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| refers to physical characteristics, such as skin color, that are treated by members of a community or society as signaling distinct cultural characteristics. |
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| discplacement and scapegoating |
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| psychological mechanisms associated with prejudice and discrimination. |
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| People project their anxieties and insecurities onto people group or person |
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| holding preconceived views about an individual or group; discrimination refers to behavior that prevents members of a group from having opportunities that are open to others. |
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| four models of race relations |
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1.assimiliation
2. melting pot
3. pluralism
4. multiculturalism |
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| stratification that prevents social mobility of gender, class and race |
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| involve a set of shared beliefs and rituals practiced by a community of believers. |
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| the classical view thinks that religion is threatened by this; isthe thought that the challenge of scientific thinking, as well as the coexistence of competing religions, leads to the complete demise of religion. |
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| religious economy approach |
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| : that competition among religious groups and the challenges of secularization force religions to work harder to win followers, thereby strengthening the groups and countering any trend toward secularization. |
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| religious organization;church is a large, established religious body having a bureaucratic structure |
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| religious structure; small and aim at restoring the purity of doctrines that have become "corrupted" in the hands of official churches. |
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| religious organizations; is a sect that has become institutionalized, having a permanent form |
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| religious organization;is a loosely knit group of people who follow the same leader or pursue similar religious ideals. |
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| believe in returning to the fundamentals of their religious doctrines. |
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| play an important role in fostering social justice and economic inequality, particularly in Latin America and Africa. |
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| first sociologist to position a connection between protestanism and the rise of industrial capitalism |
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