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Definition
| A minimum level of subsistence that no family should be expected to live below |
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Definition
| an interactionist theory of aging that suggests that those elderly people who remain active and socially involved will be best adjusted |
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Definition
| Positive efforts to recruit miority group members of women for jobs, operations, and educational opportunities |
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Definition
| the most technologically advanced form of preindustrial society. Members are engaged primarily in the proudction of food but icnrease thier crop yields through technological innovations such as the plow |
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Definition
| a condition of estrangement or dissociation from the surrounding society |
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Definition
| The process thorugh which a majority group and a minority group combine to form a new group |
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Term
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Definition
| Durkheim's term for the loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become inaffective |
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Term
| Anomie theory of deviance |
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Definition
| Robert Merton's theory of deviance as an adaptation of socially prescribed goals or of the means governing their attainment, or both |
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Term
| Anticipatory Socialization |
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Definition
| Processes of socialization in which a person "rehearses" for future positions, occupations, and social relationships |
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Definition
| A former policy of the South African government, designed to maintain the separation of Blacks and other non-Whites from the dominant Whites |
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Definition
| The use of the discipline of sociology with ethe specific intent of yileding practical applications for human behavior and organizations |
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Definition
| Specialized language used by members of a group or subculture |
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Definition
| The process through which a person forsakes his or her own cultural tradition to beome part of a different culture |
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Definition
| Instiutionalized power that is recognized by the poeple over whom it is exercised |
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Term
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Definition
| An economic system in which the means of production are held largely in private hands and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits |
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Definition
| A heriditary rank, usually religiously dictated, that tends to be fixed and immoble |
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Term
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Definition
| the relationship between a condition or variable and a particular consequence, with one even leading to the other |
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Term
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Definition
| Max Weber's term for power made legitimate by a leader's exceptional personal or emotional appeal to his or her followers |
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Term
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Definition
| In Karl Marx's view, a subjective awareness held by members of a class regarding their common vested interests and need for collective political action to bring about social change |
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Definition
| An approach to the study of formal organizations that views workers as being motivated almost entirely by economic rewards |
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Definition
| A social ranking based primarily on economic position in which acheived characteristics can influence social mobility |
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Definition
| The use of the discipline of sociology with the specific intent of altering social relationsips or restructuring social institutions |
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Definition
| A social system in which there is little or no possiblity of individual social mobility |
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Definition
| A temporary or permanent alliance geared toward a common goal |
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Definition
| The standards of acceptable behavior developed by and for members of a profession |
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Term
| Cognitive theory of development |
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Definition
| Jean Piaget's theory that children's thought progresses through four stages of development |
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Definition
| The practice of living together as a male-female couple without marrying |
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Definition
| The maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural dominane over a people by a foreign power for an extended period |
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Definition
| As an ideal type, an economic system under which all property is communally owend and no social distictions are made on the basis of peope's ability to produce |
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Definition
| A theory of urban growth devised by Ernest Burgess that sees growth in terms of series of rings radiating from the central business district |
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Definition
| An interactionist perspetive which states that in cooperative circumstances, interraacial contact between people of equal status will reduce prejudice |
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Term
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Definition
| the systematic coding and objective recording of data, guided by some rationale |
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Definition
| the subjects in an experiment who are not introduced to the independent variable by the researcher |
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Term
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Definition
| a veiw of conformity and deviance that suggests that our connection to members of society leads us to systematically conform to society's norms |
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Definition
| A factor that is held constant to test the relative impact of an independent variable |
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Definition
| Tax breaks, direct payments, and grants that the government makes to corporations |
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Term
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Definition
| A term used by Bowles and Gintis to refer to the tendency of schools to promote the values expected of inidviduals in each social class and to prepare sutdents for the types of jobs typically held by members of their class |
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Term
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Definition
| A subculture that deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger culture |
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Definition
| A literal interpretation of the Bible rearding the creation of humanity and the universe, used to argues that evolution should not be presented as established scientific fact |
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Definition
| An increase in the lowest level of education required it enter a field |
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Definition
| a table that shows the relationships between two or more variables |
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Term
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Definition
| The viewing of people's behavior from the perspective of their own culture |
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Definition
| A school of criminology that argues that criminal behavior is learned through social interactions |
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Definition
| a common practice or belief found in every culture |
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Term
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Definition
| The totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior |
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Definition
| A period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| Latino folk medicine, a form of holistic health care and healing |
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Definition
| A religious organization that cliams to include most or all members of a society and is recognized as the national or offical religion |
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Definition
| The social institution through which goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed |
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Definition
| A view of society as being ruled by a small group of individuals who share a common set of political and economic interests |
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Definition
| The restriction of mate selection to people within the same group |
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Term
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Definition
| A legal strategy based on claims that racial minorities are subjected disporportionately to environmental hazards |
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Term
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Definition
| A legal strategy based oncliams that racial minorities are subjected disproportionately to environmental hazards |
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Term
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Definition
| Talcott Parson's functionalist view that society tends toward a state of stability or balance |
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Definition
| Term for a religious group that is the outgrowth of a sect, yet remains isolated from society |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of an entire social setting thorugh extended systematic observation |
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Definition
| The tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others |
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Definition
| The study of an entire social setting through extended systematic observation |
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Definition
| a theory of social change that holds that society is moving in a definite direction |
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Definition
| A Marxist thoery that views racial subordination in the United States as a manifestation of the class system inherent in capitalism |
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Definition
| Concern for the maintenance of harmony and the internal emotional affairs of the family |
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Definition
| the process by which a relatively small number of people in the media industry control what material eventually reaches the audience |
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Term
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Definition
| A term used used to describe a close-knit community, often found in rural areas, in which strong personal bounds unite members |
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Term
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Definition
| a term to refer to the attitudes, veiwpoints, and expectations of soceity as a whole that a child takes into account in his or her behavior |
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Definition
| The deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation |
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Term
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Definition
| A term to describe a community, often urban, that is large and impersonal, with little commitment to the group or consensus on values |
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Term
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Definition
| Overzealous conformity to official regulations of a bureaucracy |
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Term
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Definition
| The value of a nation's goods and services |
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Term
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Definition
| The diff between births and deaths plus the difference between immigrants and emigrants, per 1,000 population |
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Term
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Definition
| A construct or model for evaluating specific cases |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of new cases of a specific disorder that occur within a given population during a stated period |
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Term
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Definition
| the eight types of crime reported annually by the FBI: murder, rape, robbery, assault, burglary, theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births in a given year |
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Term
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Definition
| transfers of money, goods, or services that are not reported to the government |
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Term
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Definition
| a norm that is generally understood but not precisely recorded |
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Term
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Definition
| Social control that is carried out causually by ordinary people through such means as laughter, smiles, ridicule |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture through discovery or invention |
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Term
| Insitutional discrimination |
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Definition
| the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society |
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Term
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Definition
| An emphasis on task, a focus on more distant goals, and a concern for the external relationship between one's family and other social institutions |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that life is so complex that it could only have been created by intelligent design |
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Term
| Ingergenerational mobility |
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Definition
| Changes in the social position of children relative to their parents |
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Term
| Intragenerational mobility |
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Definition
| changes in social position within a person's adult life |
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Term
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Definition
| A principle of organizational life developed by Rober Michels, under which even a democratic organization will eventually develop into a bureaucracy ruled by a few individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| an approach to deviance that attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviants while others engaged in the same behavior are not |
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Term
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Definition
| organized workers who share either the same skill or the same employer |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of capitalism under which people compete freely, with minimal government intervention in the economy |
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Term
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Definition
| use of a church, primarily Roman Catholicism, in a political effort to eliminate poverty, discrimination, and other forms of injustice from a secular society |
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Term
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Definition
| Max Weber's term for the opportunities people have to provide themselves with material goods, positive living conditions, and favorable life experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| a research oreintation in which sociologists and other social scientists look closely at the social factors that influence people throught their lies, form birth to death |
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Term
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Definition
| the median number of years a person can be expected to live under current mortality conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| a concept that emphasizes the self as the product of our social interactions |
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Term
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Definition
| Rebellious craft workers in nineteenth-century England who destroyed new factory machinery as part of their resistance to the industrial revolution |
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Definition
| the phenomenon in which the media provide such massive amounts of coverage that the audience becomes numb and fials to act on the information, regardless of how compelling the issue |
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Definition
| The study of the physical features of nature and the ways in which they interact and change |
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Definition
| Continuing dependence of former colonies on foreign countries |
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Term
| New religious movement (cult) |
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Definition
| A small and secretive religous group that represents either a new religion or a major innovation of an existing faith |
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Term
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Definition
| an organized collective activity that adresses values and social identities, as well as imporvements in the quality of lie |
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Term
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Definition
| an approach to urbanization that considers the interplay of local, national, and worldwide forces and their effect on local space, with special emphasis on the impact of global economic activity |
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Term
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Definition
| ways of using material objects, as well as customs, beliefs, philosophies, governments, and patterns of communication |
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Term
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Definition
| an estaglished standard of behavior maintained by a society |
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Term
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Definition
| a married couple and their unmarried children living together |
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Term
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Definition
| a principle of organization life according to which every employee within a heirarcy tends to rise to his or level of incompetence |
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Term
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Definition
| mutual respect for one another's cultures among the various groups in a society, which allows minorities to express their own cultures without experiencing prejudice |
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Definition
| a veiw of society in which many competing groups within the community have access to government, so that no single group is dominant |
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Term
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Definition
| "Who gets what, when, and how." |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of polygamy in which a woman may have more than one husband at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of marriage in which an individual may have several husbands or wives simultaneously |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of polygamy in which a man may have more than one wife at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| a special type of bar chart that shows the distribution of information dominate the economoy |
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Term
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Definition
| City in which global finance and the electronic flow of information dominate the economy |
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Term
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Definition
| a technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with consumer goods and media images |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to a small groups of military, industrial, and government leaders who control the fate of the US |
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Term
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Definition
| a city of only a few thosand people that is charterized by a relatively closed class system and limited mobility |
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Definition
| The total number of causes of a specific disorder that exist at a given time |
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Term
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Definition
| A small group characterized by intimate, face to face association and cooperation |
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Term
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Definition
| The ordinary and commonplace elements of life, as distinguished from the sacred |
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Definition
| person who pursues crime as a day to day occupation, developing skilled techniques and enjoying a certain degree of status among other criminals |
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Definition
| The working class in a capitalist society |
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Definition
| Term for the disciplined work ethic, this worldy concerns, and rational orientation to life emphasized by John Calvin and his followers |
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Definition
| Group set apart from others because of physical differences that have taken on social significance |
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Definition
| any police-initiated action based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on a person's behavior |
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Definition
| the belief that one race is supreme and all others are inately inferior |
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Definition
| power made legitimate by law |
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Term
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Definition
| any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the conscious feeling of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities |
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Definition
| a floating standard of deprivation by which people at the bottom of a society, whatever their lifestyles, are judged to be disadvantaged in comparison with the nation as a whole |
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Definition
| a statement to which members of a particular religion adhere |
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Definition
| the monies that immigrants return to their families of origin. Also called migradollars. |
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Definition
| Form of government in which certain individuals are selected to speak for the people |
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Definition
| A detailed plan or method for obtaining data scientifically |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life |
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Term
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Definition
| the ways in which a social movement utilizes such resources as money, political influence, access to the media, and personnel |
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Term
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Definition
| the istuation that occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social positions held by the same person |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity |
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Term
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Definition
| the difficulty that arises when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations |
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Definition
| The notion that criminal victimization increases when motivated offenders and suitable targets converge |
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Definition
| cultural information about the ways in which the material resources of the environment may be used to satisfy human needs and desires |
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Definition
| The average number of children born alive to any woman, assuming that she conforms to current fertility rates |
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Definition
| an institution that regulates all aspects of a person's life under a single authority, such as a prison, the military, a mental hospital, or a convent |
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Definition
| Virtually complete government control and surveillance over all aspects of a society's social and political life |
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Term
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Definition
| legitimate power conferred by custom and accepted practice |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency of workers in a bureaucracy to become so specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to notice obvious problems |
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Definition
| an immigrant who sustains multiple social relationships that link his or her society of origin with the society of settlement |
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Definition
| crime that occurs across multiple national borders |
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Definition
| Term for objectivity of sociologists in the interpretation of data |
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Term
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Definition
| German word for "understanding" or "insight" used to stress the need for sociologists to take into account the subjective meanings people attach to their actions |
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Definition
| The movement of an individual from one social position to another of a different rank |
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Definition
| Groups or people who will suffer in the event of social change, and who have a stake in maintaining the status quo |
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Definition
| A term used by sociologists to describe the willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services |
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Definition
| Records of births, deaths, marriages, and divorces gathered through a registration system maintained by governmental units |
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Definition
| the state of a population in which the number of births plus immigrants equals the number of deaths plus emigrants |
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