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•A category of people with unequal access to positions of power, prestige, and wealth in a society who tend to be targets of prejudice and discrimination. |
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| a category of people who are believed to share physical characteristics that are deemed socially significant. |
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| expulsion or population transfer |
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| when a dominant group forces a subordinate group to leave the country or to live only in designated areas of the country |
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| A racial or ethnic group from one society dominates the racial or ethnic group(s) of another society |
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| adopting the culture of a group different from the one in which a person was originally raised. |
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| a state in which racial and ethnic groups maintain their distinctness but respect each other and have equal access to social resources |
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| When different ethnic or racial groups become married or pair-bonded and produce children |
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| A shared cultural heritage or nationality |
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| Exaggerations or generalizations about the characteristics and behavior of a particular group |
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| An attitude or judgment, usually negative, about an entire category of people |
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| Represents a subtle, often unintentional form of prejudice exhibited by many well-intentioned white Americans who view themselves as nonprejudiced |
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| Involves the rejection of traditional racist beliefs but displaces negative racial feelings onto more abstract social and political issues |
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| structural functionalist perspective |
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•Racial social inequality was functional for some groups.
Racial and ethnic inequality aggravates social problems and is dysfunctional for society |
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•Economic competition creates and maintains racial and ethnic group tensions.
Minorities who are disproportionately unemployed serve interests of business owners by keeping wages low |
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| symbolic interactionist perspective |
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| Meanings and definitions contribute to subordinate status of racial and ethnic groups |
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| individual discrimination |
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| Occurs when individuals treat persons unfairly or unequally due to their group membership |
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| Actions or practices that result in differential treatment of categories of individuals |
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| Discrimination based on prejudice of others |
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| Individual discriminates because of his or her own prejudice |
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| institutional discrimination |
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| Occurs when normal operations and procedures of social institutions result in unequal treatment of minorities |
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| environment structural functionalist perspective |
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•Emphasizes the interdependence between human beings and the natural environment.
Focuses on how changes in one aspect of the social system affect other aspects of society |
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| The manufacturing of products that are intended to become inoperative or outdated in a fairly short period of time |
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| the way environmentally and socially damaging companies portray their corporate image and products as being “environmentally friendly” or socially responsible |
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| Societal development that meets the needs of current generations without threatening the future of subsequent generations |
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| The first international agreement to place legally binding limits on greenhouse gas emissions from developed countries |
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| The process of discovering, explaining, and predicting natural or social phenomena |
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| Activities that apply the principles of science and mechanics to the solutions of a specific problem |
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| Dominant in an agricultural society, the use of tools to accomplish tasks previously done by hand |
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| Dominant in an industrial society, the replacement of human labor with machinery and equipment that is self-operating |
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| Dominant in a postindustrial society; the use of machines to control other machines |
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| the view that rational thinking and science are limited in their ability to provide “truths.” |
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| a condition in which the material part of culture changes faster than the nonmaterial part |
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| A form of work that allows employees to work part- or full-time at home or at a satellite office |
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| Labor requires less thought than before and gives workers fewer decisions to make |
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| The state of confusion resulting from rapid scientific and technological changes that unravel our traditional values and beliefs |
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| Laws that require that genetic information be handled separately from other medical information |
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•Exclusive control over a particular gene as a result of government patents |
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