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| one that is seen as an ongoing, dynamic process that is reproduced by people acting on their interpretations |
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| Class conflict refers to the concept of underlying tensions or antagonisms which exist in society due to conflicting interests that arise from different social positions. |
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| Dialectical Materialism is a way of understanding reality |
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| macrosociology microsociology |
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| when individuals or groups gain advantages over others as a result of genetic or biological superiority |
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| the way a society deals with change |
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| values, cultural norms, and social structures external to the individual |
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| use of statistical measurement systems to study human behavior in a social environment |
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| when people see the relations between events in their own life and events in society |
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| sociologists do not interfere with how things *should be* - they only care about the way things *really are* |
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| understanding of social phenomena |
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| a founder of the discipline of sociology and of the doctrine of positivism |
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| "When one studies a society, one must focus on all its aspects, including key political, religious, and social institutions |
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| theory of two types of society, the militant and the industrial, which corresponded to this evolutionary progression |
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| What are the three Sociological Perspectives? |
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| Symbolic Interactionism- use of symbols, face to face interactions..Functionalism- relationship of the parts of society..Conflict Theory-competition for scarce resources. |
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| behavioral expectations and cues within a society or group |
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| ideas about what is good, right, fair, and just |
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| cultural representations of reality.(language, etc.) |
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| what are cultural universals? |
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| element, pattern, trait, or institution that is common to all human cultures worldwide. examples:emotions,crime,gestures etc. |
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| Where, through technology and trade, a seemingly borderless world is created. |
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| What is the difference between ethnocentrism and cultural relativism? |
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| ethnocentrism is thinking that your culture is better than all the others and cultural relativism is the opposite of that |
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| honor or prestige in society...your place |
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| the behaviour expected of an individual who occupies a given social position or status |
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| two or more humans who interact with one another |
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| an established way of behaving |
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| the individual need society to function and the society needs individuals to be a society |
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| the nature part say that we became what we are because nature intended it and nurture says that we became what we are because we were raised that way |
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| emphasizes that the scientific method can be applied to the study of the social world |
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| a clash within a social group |
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| considers that people learn from one another, including such concepts as observational learning, imitation, and modeling. |
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| cognitive development theory |
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| the nature of knowledge itself and how humans come gradually to acquire it, construct it, and use it (Jean Piaget) |
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| symbolic interactionist theory |
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| People find great meaning in symbols in their environment. |
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1. Family (and/or caregivers). This begins affecting you before anything else.
2. Peers. One of the heaviest influences, most prominent during school years.
3. School. Influences mostly your behavior (work ethic, punctuality, etc) .
4. Community and Culture. A generally passive but constant factor (this includes religion, ethnic identity) .
5. Mass Media. A constant factor and a heavy influence on behavior, socialization, etc.
6. Gender.
7. Work. |
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| what is the Thomas Theore? |
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| ‘When people define situations as real they become real in their consequences’ |
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| primary groups vs. secondary groups |
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| A primary group is a typically small social group whose members share close, personal, enduring relationships. People in a secondary group interact on a less personal level than in a primary group, and their relationships are temporary rather than long lasting. |
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| expressive ties vs instrumental ties |
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| expressive ties involve a commitment to the other person, arising perhaps out of kinship or feelings of love, whereas instrumental ties involve co-operation merely in order to achieve some limited and immediate goal (such as the relationship between doctor and patient) |
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| what are the functions of ingroups and outgroups? |
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| an ingroup is a group where people identify with the group and feel closely attached to it. an outgroup is the opposite, feelings of seperation opposition or even hatred. |
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| Authoritarian (dictates all rules and outcomes) Democratic (listens to input from the group) Laissez-Faire(leaves all the decisions up to the group itself). |
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1.specification of jobs with detailed rights, obligations, responsibilities, scope of authority
2.system of supervision and subordination
3.unity of command
4.extensive use of written documents
5.training in job requirements and skills
6.application of consistent and complete rules (company manual)
7.assign work and hire personnel based on competence and experience
problems-overspecialization, making decision making slow or even impossible when facing some unusual case,not allowing people to use common sense, as everything must be as is written by the law. |
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| What are the social properties of deviance and what is the nature of it? |
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| Deviant acts can be acts of individuality and identity, and thus as rebellions against group norms (wanting to be different) |
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| What are the five responses to anomie |
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| Conflict,Innovation, Ritualism, Retreatism, Rebellion |
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| functions and dysfunctions of deviance |
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| the functions of deviance are that they outline our cultural values and norms, and the dysfunctions lie within the deviant act itself be whatever the outcome. ex: Someone robs a bank. People lose money. (Dysfunction) Later on the news the robber is portrayed negatively, enforcing that what they did was bad (Function) |
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| What are the five key ideas and evaluations of the five theories of deviance? |
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| Anomie: when peoplefind it difficult to guide their behavior due to weak social ties. Cultural Transmission: All behavior is learned; therefore deviant behavior is also learned. Conflict:Conflict theory is based upon the view that the fundamental causes of crime are the social and economic forces operating within society. Labeling: the theory explains deviance as a social process whereby some people are able to define others as deviant. Control:"why do most of us not commit deviance?" In other words, why do most of us, most of the time, act "correctly?" |
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| what are the four determinants of class position? |
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1. Relationships of production, ownership and consumption.
2. a common legal status, including ceremonial, occupational and reproductive rights
3.Family, kinship or tribal group structures or membership.
4.Acculturation, including education |
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