Term
|
Definition
| defined as structures within each other--society, community, culture, family, individual (going to the bathroom could be considered this), government, economy |
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Term
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Definition
| most important institutions (2) |
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|
Term
1. reproduction (biological function)
2. financial function (economic function)
3. raising offspring (cultural function)
4. acting as a support system (social function)
5. connections (social function)
6. education- learning things from family (not from school) (cultural function) |
|
Definition
| what are 6 functions for the institution of marriage and family? |
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Term
1. delayed marriage
2. delayed child birth
3. increase in divorce
4. dual income household |
|
Definition
| what are 4 ways how family and marriage changes over time? |
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Term
| if there is a correlation between something (a child of divorced parents tends to not do well in school as for a child for whose both parents are together) |
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Definition
| why would we study how family and marriages change over time? |
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|
Term
1. stress- money and time (women are in the labor force; most households need two incomes in today's society; balancing a full time job and then teaching kids and doing housework can be very stressful and take up a lot of time; family support networks are weaker today; many of our parents live farther away from their brothers and sisters (everyone kind of lived close to their family)
2. change in the role of women- there was a spike of divorce in the 1970s because equality was on the rise in the U.S. (they are leaving marriages that they don't want to be in-discrimination has been reduced)
3. Sexual permissiveness- sexual encounter used to strictly be between two partners in marriage, no boundaries, free to explore without being bonded by marriage |
|
Definition
| why is the divorce rate high (3)? |
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Term
| extended-->nuclear-->high divorce |
|
Definition
| what were family structures like in the past to compared to now (3)? |
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Term
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Definition
| emphasis on production (if you have 5 kids, that's great-but if you have 6 kids, then you have another labor worker!); see more arranged marriages |
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Term
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Definition
| children are more independent with the parents and you don't live around your extended family as much. emphasis on CONSUMPTION (if you have 3 kids that's cool, but you have a fourth kid-you now have another mouth to feed); birth control is used here more; you're with someone because you LOVE them; an emotional motivation; emotional support |
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Term
1. maybe to focus on careers
2. they don't have to depend on anyone else for money (financial independence)
3. the social norm is to stay single
4. delayed childbearing
5. not financially stable
6. longevity (i have the next 40 years to be married, I can wait- we are living longer now than they used to)
7. people want to be focused on themselves rather than someone else (egoism)
8. riskier and costly
9. more options and choices on who to marry
10. gender roles and women are getting degrees
11. with more technology--people don't know how to talk to each other (social skills) |
|
Definition
| what are 11 reasons why people are staying single longer? |
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|
Term
1. staying single longer
2. deferred childbearing--childlessness
3. high divorce
4. single parent families (parents get divorced or out of wedlock births)
5. blended families (step sister, step father, half brother)
6. gay and lesbian marriages |
|
Definition
| what is today's household situations (8)? |
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Term
1.greater support from OTHER INSTITUTIONS OR COMMUNITY to replace functions no longer fulfilled by extended family
2. return to EARLIER FAMILY or individual solutions (INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY)
3. America has an incentive tax for being married |
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Definition
| what are 3 possible solutions to try and keep the old traditional marriages? |
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Term
1. increased costs, parents will pay more for a student's education--less kids
2. culture- sex is more common
3. you don't have to marry someone older- you marry someone your same age
4. social skills-technology affects this
5. we are exposed to stress at a lot younger of an age
6. we are predicted to live less than our parents because of health and obesity and heart problems |
|
Definition
| in what 6 ways will the challenges of your generation be DIFFERENT as those of your parents? |
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Term
|
Definition
| a set of beliefs and practices that are oriented toward values to be held sacred |
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Term
|
Definition
| true or false: sociologists are interested in basically as religion as a human institution and a component of human society (aren't interested in truth and spirituality) |
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Term
| "sacred"- Durkheims theory |
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Definition
| anything that is sacred is set apart; something extraordinary; inspires awe, reverence; fear and respect |
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Term
|
Definition
| ordinary stuff (everyday life) |
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Term
| the global religious affiliation |
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Definition
| major group is christianity, then islam, then judaism, hinduism, buddhism, etc.. |
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Term
|
Definition
| large, established, state-sponsored religion; examples: church of England (church rather than a government--monarchy sponsors church of England |
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Term
|
Definition
| what is an example of an ecclesia? |
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Term
|
Definition
| large, establish. Catholicism, presbyterian, methodist, baptist; autonomous organization and very large |
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|
Term
| Catholicism, presbyterian, methodist, baptist |
|
Definition
| what are examples of a denomination? |
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Term
|
Definition
| smaller, break away from denominations and some type of orthodoxy; martin luther king |
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|
Term
| martin luther kind (lutheran?) |
|
Definition
| what is an example of a sect? |
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Term
|
Definition
| small, very unorthodox, centered around some charismatic leader; westboro baptist; new religious movement; Wako, Texas; Charles Manson |
|
|
Term
| westboro baptist, wako texas, charles mason |
|
Definition
| what are 3 examples of a cult? |
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Term
|
Definition
| social movement that adheres to christian beliefs |
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|
Term
1. durkheim -- sacred things
2. provides some kind of guidance for behavior
3. established morals and norms
4. social aspect of going to church and other religious events and provides support
5. one of the largest volunteering organizations you can participate in America |
|
Definition
| what are 5 functions of religion? |
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|
Term
1. simple supernaturalism
2. animism
3. polytheism
4. monotheism
5. abstract ideals (no "god") |
|
Definition
| what are Emile Durkheim's 5 fundamental forms of religion? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| common in small ISOLATED HUMAN BANDS; unspecified supernatural forces (evil); activist spirits-animals, people (usually dead); magic and voodoo |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| what are 2 examples of simple supernaturalism? |
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs with increased POPULATION DENSITY AND COMPETITION |
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs with large COMPETING KINGDOMS; many gods |
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Term
|
Definition
| emerges in EMPIRES; most dominant form in U.S.; one god; christianity, islam |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| arise in situations of PRIEST; CLASS WITH LITTLE POWER |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| this fundamental form of religion emerges in EMPIRES |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this type of fundamental form of religion occurs with large COMPETING KINGDOMS |
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Term
|
Definition
| asked why capitalism was so popular in the U.S. says that religion (which is the culture) influenced structure and that's why our structure is the way it is in the U.S. |
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Term
|
Definition
| apart of weber's theory; god predetermines salvation, popular sentiment:if I have success, I'm saved therefore they word hard (rugged individualism-->capitalism)); weber wrote a book on capitalism and protestantsism |
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Term
| religion can influence personal outcome like having abstinence until sex, compared to a religion where it doesn't require you to have abstinence until marriage (riskier behavior and juvenile delinquency correlates to kids who have sex at a young age); presbytarian, methodist, lutherans are all middle class; baptists--working class (life after death--life on earth doesn't matter as much) (does religion cause their socioeconomic status) |
|
Definition
| what is the symbolic interaction of religion? |
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Term
|
Definition
| opiate of the masses; if you live a poor, but live a life of virtuosity--you will have a mansion in heaven--keeps proletariats (structure influences culture) (for cultures that are highly unequal) (poor goes to heaven and rich go to hell); KKK promote religion to have more of a political reign; will engage in these profane objectives |
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Term
| religions may help reduce inequality by providing food drives and mobilizing policies that help poor people |
|
Definition
| how can religion reduce inequality? |
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Term
|
Definition
| associated with catholicism (popular in latin america in 1960s); skeptical in religion and wanted to abolish it-throughout latin america we had a lot of tyrants who were impressive and so porr people of these countries and throughout the continent--they were rising against (scary for U.S.)-(cuba is a good example of an overthrow of the government) vatican was in a tight spot of not wanting its congragents not wanting to be involved in the revolution; poor place=potential overthrowers; there were higher up bishops and priests that challenged institutional structure that repressed poor people and they wanted catholicism to be on the side of poor people; another example of how religion combatted inequality |
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Term
|
Definition
| religion may be one response to the FRAGMENTED nature of modern life (worldwide) |
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|
Term
| true; fundamentalist christians and muslims are going against secularism |
|
Definition
| true or false: it has been proven that there has been a resurge of religionism |
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Term
|
Definition
| losing touch with religious tenants (opposite of religionism) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| people are drawn to this; they are able to worship and be anonymous-they don't really give their time and resources (which is a consequence of a _______); small congregations maybe involved with a lot of commitment |
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|
Term
1. building knowledge, individuals
2. you get the tools you need for the work force
3. gives people a better understanding of the world around them so you can contribute more to high-skilled functions
4. cultural integration
5. personal development
6. research institutions and advances in medicine, engineering, etc. |
|
Definition
| what are 6 manifest functions of schooling (formal process of education) |
|
|
Term
| sort people out--education makes sure someone who keeps failing organic chemistry doesn't become a physician |
|
Definition
| what is a functionalist perspective of a manifest function of schooling? |
|
|
Term
1. social interactions-marriage market, endogamy (people partner with people in their same category-religious, education, class, race, etc.) exogamy (when you marry outside your group)
2. connections, friends
3. cultural reproduction
4. discipline-you learn to persist through stuff that is hard
5. keeps kids at the school and off the streets while parents are at work
6. kids are more independent from their family
7. diversity in interest (kids start to sort out what they want to study in higher education) |
|
Definition
| what are 7 latent function of schooling? |
|
|
Term
| they would look at who benefits-people that come from an educated home or neighborhood and a family that has money because (property taxes fund schools- which higher priced homes have to pay higher taxes which equals better schools) |
|
Definition
| how would a conflict theorist look at education? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| what kind of socialization is going on in schools? not the explicit curriculum, but is teaching the people of lower class families on how to be lower class adults--doesn't really support creation, thoughts. we channel people in ways that they can't receive upper mobility lifestyles (prepare upper class kids for upper class jobs; lower class kids for lower class jobs) |
|
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Term
| disparities in access and treatment |
|
Definition
| external factors related to money-you took an exam within a week of a shooting-causes students to perform less well (shootings and stress levels); nutrition-balanced nutrition helps people learn better; people in food deserts-kids are performing less well in school |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| when you try to identify kids that are advanced in one area--you put them on a higher track (you have like a high medium and low track); conflict theorist say that teachers identify kids that have more resources (money) with doing better in school |
|
|
Term
| false-- people are private colleges are more likely to finish college than people that go to public colleges--is it the backgrounds the students are in or the function of the students that are picked to go there? |
|
Definition
| true or false: people at public colleges are more likely to finish college than people that go to private colleges |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| labeling-meaning behind symbols and labels--you show up to school in a bus vs. you show up to school in a rolls royce; teacher expectancy effect-two people are equal in every way but if someone comes up to someone else and says the girl is a prodegy and the boy has something wrong with him. pauls expectations will help mold those people into those actual roles-show that labels really matter |
|
|
Term
| teacher expectancy effect |
|
Definition
| two people are equal in every way but if someone comes up to someone else and says the girl is a progedy and the man has something wrong with him. pauls expectation will help mold those people into those actual roles-shows that labels really matter |
|
|
Term
1. magnet schools
2. school choice-vouchers, charter schools, home schooling
3. teacher pay |
|
Definition
| what are 3 school reforms? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| true or false: between a quarter and a third of new teachers quit within their first 3 years |
|
|
Term
1) hunting and gathering society
2) pastoral society
3) agriculture society
4) industrialism
5) post-industrialism |
|
Definition
| what are 5 different types of societies? |
|
|
Term
1) primary sector- agriculture and extract (low income countries are high in this)
2) secondary sector- industry and construction
3) tertiary sector- services (high income countries are high in this)
4) private sector- non-government jobs
5) public sector- government jobs |
|
Definition
| what are 5 different types of technology in terms of sectors? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| agriculture and extract (low income countries are high in this) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| industry and construction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| services (high income countries are high in this) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what society has factory organization (division of labor--worker goes in and tightens one bolt in an assembly line- fordist model) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| what society is this? increase in services (cost-insecure jobs-->your only at a job for 3 years and move to somewhere else-->a lot of the jobs you aren't there for your entire life-no health insurance, decline of unions; science, high-technology, fewer workers, decentralized offices (people from india or china working in your company, have skype to work); migrant laborer-we send workers to and from the US |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| what society is this?-white collar jobs are increasing, blue collar jobs have slightly decreased--more technology taking their jobs so these blue collor people are now moving to the white collar jobs, and farming has decreased the most--you only need a fraction of the work force than what was needed from the time before; we are buying cars and phones from people who are making them overseas, not from our home country (global competition) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| hands off-let people be motivated by their self-interest; no tax-you can have the worst labor standards who can employ kids or undercut everyone else (Downside); upside would be that countries could specialize all in something; like eating strawberries in the winter in ohio because were trading with other countries and get laborers from other countries and they can pick our strawberries for super cheap; SUPPLY AND DEMAND |
|
|
Term
1. free market
2. profit (action is motivated by profit-why we have better phones, cars, etc.)
3. private property- if you own a factory-youre entitled to do what you want with those profits
4. high levels of growth
5. you can make crummy products when they can make high quality garments, but they want the quality of the products to decline so you have to come back and buy another one (race to the bottom-worst quality)
6. monopolies-squash competition-just buy them out so theres no competition-might as well have a state-run enterprise-don't have people's interests at heart because they just want to profit from it
7. unemployment and poverty
8. economic elite power is high were policital elite's power is lower |
|
Definition
| what are 8 characteristics of capitalism (laissez-faire)? |
|
|
Term
1. regulated market
2. state controlled economy
3. downside-we wouldn't have an iphone, hollywood, viagra, all the technology we have, or all of the helpful drugs because if people aren't motivated by profit, why would they want to work hard?
4. don't have to deal with unemployment and poverty
5. political elite's power is high while the economic elite power is low
6. slower growth |
|
Definition
| what are 6 characteristics of state socialism? |
|
|
Term
1. we usually see this is the real world; predominantly capitalism and moderate socialism
2. ownership is held privately and have a profit motive, government makes banker companies- throws money at them (tax payer money)-subsidize
3. we have trade agreements with people
4. during poverty and unemployment-we have to rectify the problems that we have so we invest in welfare systems in order to maintain some kind of stability
5. state capitalism-very strong government that's making decision on where to invest, who can work where-in order to make they introduce some of the capitalist components (in capitalism-if there is a fire-you pay fire department to put it out) |
|
Definition
| what are 5 characteristics of a mixed economy? |
|
|
Term
| welfare capitalism (US, Scandinavia, most of Europe) |
|
Definition
| what is another name for a mixed economy? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two or more companies exist make the decision not to compete with each other for both their benefits (cluster of firms-coalition of some sort to kind of maintain a dominance over a certain market); can happen in government and in private sectors |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| giant corporations composed of smaller companies amongst it (more spread apart than an oligopy; 30 Rock--GE own NBC (corporates ahead of producing is also ahead of dishwashers) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| being able to make someone do something that they usually wouldn't do |
|
|
Term
1. authority- power that is legitimate-police officer
2. rational legal system- constitution
3. traditional- monarchy
4. charismatic-personal qualities-when you gain the liking of everyone (hitler gained the liking of everyone and had extraordinary qualities; divine qualities); not a rational or traditional legal authority, but through extraordinary quality it made their power authoritative |
|
Definition
| what are 4 types of authority? |
|
|
Term
1. monarchy
2. totalitarianism
3. democracy and representative democracy |
|
Definition
| what are 4 types of regime? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one person in control- England- queen they have parliament (not really ideal monarchy) constitutional (england) and totalitarian (Saudi arabia) __________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| like a dictatorship (stalin and hitler) |
|
|
Term
| democracy and representative democracy |
|
Definition
| true democracy is power of the people- a decision to be made-everyone will get together and make a decision all together; majority rule |
|
|
Term
| democracy or representative democracy |
|
Definition
| this type of regime is insanely inefficient or costly (time consuming) came up with representatives--now we don't have to put a lot of time into voting; in 1990, __________ increased dramatically because in 1989, the soviet union fell (they were totalitarian) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| functionalist model of political power |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| you want to sure gun rights are expanded you join an interest group, if you think they should be restricted, then you join an interest group. the group that wants guns may not dominate, but they make sure the other group doesn't get what they want and vice versa; theres not always a perfect balance-not an equal amount of supporters for every issue; the group with more people will most likely win, but the group with more money can campaign and gain people; assumes that this incorporates everyone |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| first layer-military leaders, executive branch, corporate rich; second layer-interest group leaders, legislators; local opinion leaders; third layer- unorganized, exploited masses (is upper class elite?-military on tap (not on top); mobilization of middle class movements and groups (tea part; occupy, etc.)) |
|
|
Term
1. media
2. IRS
3. union
4. advocacy groups |
|
Definition
| 4 examples of an industrial work organization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| key modern life settings (scientific management (taylorism)-factory lines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controlling--the next step of taylorism--office buildings |
|
|
Term
1. specialization
2. hierarchy
3. rules and regulations
4. technical competence
5. impersonal |
|
Definition
| what are 5 characteristics of bureaucracy? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| division of labor (rather than being a table builder, you glue just one hinge); you have to get something approved by a person when trying to get through the encryption wall |
|
|
Term
1. creates more jobs
2. more efficient- that person will specialize in that one area instead of having to know everything
3. in a negative way- it could be inefficient from it being frustrating to the laborers and it wouldn't have much problem solving
4. a personal consequence would be boredom--alienation |
|
Definition
| what are 4 characteristics of a highly specialized environment? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| authority and offices-this person always answers to this person and so on |
|
|
Term
1. having control over employees
2. more motivation for people to promote-it can add to efficiency because if you want to promote you will be doing stuff better and faster
3. people in charge would have to bear responsibility for a failing project
4. helps in decision making |
|
Definition
| what are 4 characteristics of a hierarchy? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| written communication; you as an employee it helps you to socialize into the organization; it allows employers to have employees that would know what rules can and can't be broken; if you are going to discipline someone-you write it down and put it into records |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| you are hired based on your qualifications; if not based on qualifications it could be based on your gender, ethnicity, and social skills; nepotism-maybe person isn't qualified but they joined because they knew the right people; or it looks good-person was star basketball player |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| person isn't qualified for a job but they got the job because they knew the right people; or it looks good-the person used to be a star basketball player; the gut feeling that someone would be good even though they don't have all the qualifications |
|
|
Term
1. more measurable-certain GPA, meant qualifications-it is efficient and it is some kind of standard;
2 the person would be more knowledgeable which would make the company more efficient and productive |
|
Definition
| what are 2 functions of technical competence? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if you broke a rule-it wouldn't have to do with the person you are or the people you work around-its based on the rules and regulations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bureaucracy + technology = efficiency or oppression? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dysfunctions of bureacracy |
|
|
Term
| peter principle-tied with technical competence |
|
Definition
| you get promoted if you do well in your job; you keep promoting until you get to a spot in your job that you're not very good at--ironically inefficient; you are not the best candidate for it |
|
|
Term
| bureocratic misinformation |
|
Definition
| in a setting-you want to appease the people ahead of you; they will suck up to people ahead of them-the people below had better information but didn't share it because they didn't have the incentive to share it; theres a tension that's what do i do good for my career or what do i do good for the organization?-usually pick good for my career; this gives you an incentive to give misleading information |
|
|
Term
1. efficiency
2. uniformity
3. predictability
4. control |
|
Definition
| what are 4 characteristics of mcdonaldization of society (taylorism of mcdonalds) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| putting the customer to work; you have to pick up your own food, have to put your own order in and get everything right; not delivery; you have to throw away, get your drink; bussing your own tables |
|
|
Term
| uniformity (calculability) |
|
Definition
quantity or quality: bigger is better (you can supersize something for a certain more amount of money which would cost like a half a dollar)
-education: emphasis on grades and test scores
-TV programming is determined by ratings
-class sizes- huge student body but does it mean we have a better education? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chain stores and restaurants are the same everywhere-carry all the same sandwiches and the process is the same in california and in ohio; scripting interaction with customers; to have an awesome football team every season; with large companies its predictable that they will release new products; you have a math area, chem area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
using technology to reduce unpredictability for workers (create a system in which it doesn't matter if you change that person shift-conveyer belt and has a timer for everything)
-moving customers through-not really a comfortable environment-make a system to get people in and out; retaining sophomores to stay on campus; syllabus week-rules of classes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group with an identifiable membership that engages in concerted collective actions to achieve a common purpose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an organization that is rationally designed to achieve its objectives, often by means of explicit rules, regulations, and procedures |
|
|
Term
| utilitarian organizations |
|
Definition
| organizations that people join primarily because of some material benefit they expect to receive in return for membership |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organizations in which people are forced to give unquestioned obedience to authority |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the dominant form of organization across the globe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organizations that people join of their own will to pursue morally worthwhile goals without expectation of material reward; sometimes called voluntary associations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of formal organization based on written procedural rules, arranged into a clear hierarchy of authority, and staffed by full-time paid officials |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Robert Michels's theory that there is an inevitable tendency for a large-scale bureaucratic organization to become ruled undemocratically by a handful of people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rule of a small group over many people |
|
|
Term
| international government organization (IGO) (NATO) |
|
Definition
| an international organization established by treaties between governments for purposes of commerce, security, promotion of social welfare and human rights, or environmental protection |
|
|
Term
| international nongovernmental organization (INGO) (International Planned Parenthood Federation) |
|
Definition
| an international organization eestablished by agreements between the individuals or private organizations making up its membership and existing to fulfill an explicit mission |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two or more individuals who identify themselves as being related to one another, usually by blood, marriage, or adoption, and who share intimate relationships and dependency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plays a role in society as a site for the reproduction of community and citizenry, socialization and transmission of culture, and the care of the young and old |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a culturally approved relationship, usually between two individuals, that provides a degree of economic cooperation, emotional intimacy, and sexual activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a form of marriage in which a person may have only one spouse at a time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a form of marriage in which a person may have more than one spouse at a time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a form of marriage in which a man may have multiple wives |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a form of marriage in which a woman may have multiple husbands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the practice of having more than one wife or husband, but only one at a time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a characteristic of marriages in which partners are limited to members of the same social group or caste |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| laws prohibiting interracial sexual relations and marriage |
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Term
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Definition
| social groups consisting of one or more parents, children, and other kin, often spanning several generations, living in the same household |
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Term
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Definition
| social groups consisting of one or two parents and their biological, dependent children, living in a household with no other kin |
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Term
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Definition
| true or false: extended family form is the most common among those with lower income, in rural areas, and among recent migrants and minorities |
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Term
| woman being economically dependent on the husband; nuclear family perpetuates gender inequality and even violence |
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Definition
| what does the functionalist view lack over families? |
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Term
| sexual division of labor in modern societies |
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Definition
| the phenomenon of dividing production functions by gender and designating different spheres of activity, the "private" to women and the "public" to men |
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Term
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Definition
| living together as a couple without being legally married |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of relationship in which partners live as if married but without marriage's formal legal framework |
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Term
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Definition
| legal unions that fall short of marriage but provide some state-level legal rights and benefits |
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Term
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Definition
| legal unions that provide a circumscribed spectrum of rights and benefits to the same-sex couples |
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Term
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Definition
| true or false: stay-at-home fathers indicate that they are at home because they are ill or disabled or because they are unemployed |
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Term
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Definition
| true or false: middle and upper-class jobs often require individual initiative and innovation, while working-class jobs tend to emphasize conformity |
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Term
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Definition
| a style of parenting associated most fully with the middle class and characterized by an emphasis on negotiation, discussion, questioning of authority, and cultivation of talents and skills through, among other things, participation in organized activities |
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Term
| accomplished of natural growth |
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Definition
| parenting style associated with working-class and poor families; directives rather than negotiation and explanation, a focus on obedience, and an inclination to care for children's basic needs characterize this style, in which parents leave children to play and grow in a largely unstructured environment |
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Term
| domestic (of family)) violence |
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Definition
| physical or sexual abuse committed by one family member against another |
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Term
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Definition
| families that result from globalization |
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Term
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Definition
| looks at the family's functions for societal stability, emphasizing reproduction, the nurturance and socialzation of children, and the allocation of family members into complementary roles that ensure harmony and order |
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Term
| conflict-oriented feminist theory |
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Definition
| looks at the way the family reproduces gender inequality, ignoring the differential experiences and resources of men and women in relationships |
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Term
| psychodynamic feminist perspective |
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Definition
| blends psycology and sociology to draw together the experiences of early childhood with relationship choices of adulthood and structural obstacles and opportunities |
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Term
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Definition
| the transmission of society's norms, values, and knowledge base by means of direct instruction |
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Term
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Definition
| education that occurs within academic institutions such as schools |
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Term
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Definition
| the extension of formal schooling to wide segments of the population |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to read and write at a basic level |
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Term
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Definition
| principle means by which people acquire the skills they need to participate effectively as workers and citizens in the midst of technological, cultural, and economic change of dramatic proportions |
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Term
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Definition
| a universal education system provided by the government and funded by tax revenues rather than student fees |
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Term
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Definition
| a society in which access to desirable work and social status depends on the possession of a certificate or diploma certifying the completion of formal education |
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Term
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Definition
| bonds that unite the members of a social group. modern society is no longer characterized by communities with high degrees of cultural, religious, or social homogeneity, so social ties have weakened |
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Term
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Definition
| function to socialize individuals, building solidarity in the group |
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Term
| 1. transmission of general knowledge and specific skills needed in the society and economy, such as literacy and numeracy |
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Definition
| what is the manifest function of education? |
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Term
| the propagation of societal norms and values that durkheim argued should be explicity concerns of moral education |
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Definition
| what is the latent function of education? |
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Term
| ignores schools' contribution to reproducing social inequality |
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Definition
| what is the weakness of the functionalist perspective of education? |
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Term
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Definition
| agree that education trains people in the dominant norms and values of society and the work skills and habits demanded by the economic system; believes education REPRODUCES rather than REDUCES social stratification and, rather than ensuring that the best people train for and conscientously perform the most socially important jobs, ensures the discovery of talent will be limited |
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Term
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Definition
| according to this theory, poor and working-class children have fewer opportunities to demonstrate thier talents and abilities because they lack equal access to educational opportunities; "hidden curriculum" of the classroom is to socialize members of the working lass to accept their class position |
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Term
| symbolic interactionist perspective |
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Definition
| this theory says that teachers behaved differently toward some students because the students had been labeled "exceptional"; more recent research has confirmed the harmful effects of teachers' stereotyped beliefs about minority students' competence on those students' performance |
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Term
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Definition
| true or false: word poverty is not linked to a deficit of books in the homes of many children |
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Term
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Definition
| the education of racial minorities in schools that are geographically, economically, and/or socially separated from those attended by whites |
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Term
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Definition
| school segregation based on residential patterns or student choice, which persists even though legal segregation is now outlawed in the U.S. |
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Term
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Definition
| the passage in the first ammendment to the U.S. constitution, that states, "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof |
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Term
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Definition
| a system of common beliefs and rituals centered on "sacred things" that unites believers and provides a sense of meaning and purpose |
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Term
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Definition
| a belief in one or more supernatural deities |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of human cultures and societies and their development |
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Term
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Definition
| a sphere of routine, everyday life |
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Term
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Definition
| that which is set apart from the ordinary, the sphere endowed with spiritual meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| within the sacred sphere, ordinary objects believed to have acquired transcendent or magical qualities connecting humans with the divine |
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Term
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Definition
| this theory suggests that one of religion's key functions in society is to create and reinforce the collective bond (it also brings the community together, reaffirms its norms and values, and strengthens its social bonds) |
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Term
| conflict theorists (karl marx) |
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Definition
| this theory states by promising spiritual solutions--such as a better afterlife--as the answer to human suffering, religion discourages oppressed people form understanding the nature of their oppression in the present life and serves the interests of the powerful, who then have an easier time maintaining passivity among economically deprived masses (secularization) |
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Term
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Definition
| the rise in worldly thinking, particularly as seen in the rise of science, technology, and rational thought, and a simultaneous decline in the influence of religion |
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Term
| weber (symbolic interactionism?) |
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Definition
| this theory states: god places each person on earth to fulfill a particular "calling"; protestantism held that consumption-centered lifestyles were sinful, believers were expected to live simple lives, work hard, and save and reinvest their eearnings rather than enjoy the immediate gratifications of idleness or acquisition |
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Term
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Definition
| an approach to the sociology of religion that suggests that relgiions can be fruitfully understood as organizations in competition with one another for followers |
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Term
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Definition
| a well-established religious organization that exists in a fairly harmonious relationship with the larger society |
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Term
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Definition
| a church that is formally allied with the state and is the "official" religion of the society |
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Term
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Definition
| a church that is not formally allied with the state |
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Term
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Definition
| a religious organization that has splintered off from an established church in an effort to restore perceived "true" beliefs and practices believed to have been lost by the established religious organization |
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Term
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Definition
| a religious organization that is thoroughly unconventional with regard to the larger society |
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Term
| new religious movements (NRMs) |
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Definition
| new spiritual groups or communities that occupy a peripheral place in a country's dominant religious landscape |
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Term
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Definition
| belief in a single all-knowing, all-powerful god |
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Term
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Definition
| a movement calling for the return of Jews to Palestine and the creation of a Jewish state |
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Term
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Definition
| the belief that there are different gods representing various categories of natural forces |
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Term
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Definition
| belief in the existence of divine spiritual forces rather than a god or gods |
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Term
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Definition
| the belief that naturally occurring phenomena, such as mountains and animals, are possessed of indwelling spirits with supernatural powers |
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Term
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Definition
| a belief in spiritual rebirth (conventionally denoted as being "born again") |
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Term
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Definition
| a period during which the political influence of established religions is successfully challenged |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of sacred beliefs and practices that become part of how a society sees itself |
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Term
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Definition
| the linkage of religious convictions with beliefs about a nation's or ethnic group's social and political destiny |
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Term
| christianity, islam, and hinduism |
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Definition
| the three largest and most practiced religions on earth |
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Term
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Definition
| true or false: youth and younger adults in the U.S. today are more likely than older adults to claim a religious affiliation |
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Term
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Definition
| a single people (a "nation") governed by a political authority (a "state"); similar to the modern notion of "country" |
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Term
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Definition
| a system of binding and recognized codified rules of behavior that regulate the actions of people pertaining to a given jurisdiction |
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Term
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Definition
| legally recognized inhabitants of a country who bear the rights and responsibilities of citizenship as defined by the state |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals who reside in a given jurisdiction but do not possess the same rights and privileges as the citizen who are recognized inhabitants; sometimes referred to as residents, temporary workers, or aliens |
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Term
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Definition
| a government or country's system of providing for the financial and social well-being of its citizens, typically through government programs that provide funding or other resources to individuals who meet certain criteria |
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Term
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Definition
| advocacy or lobby groups that utilize their organizational and social resources to influence legislation and the functioning of social institutions |
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Term
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Definition
| the theory that a small and concentrated group of elite or upper-class people dominate and influence societal institutions; compatible with conflict theory |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of people with a disproportionately high level of influence and resources who utilize their status to influence the functioning of societal institutions |
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Term
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Definition
| the threat or use of physical force to ensure compliance |
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Term
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Definition
| power based on a belief in the sanctity of long-standing traditions and the legitimate right of rulers to exercise authority in accordance with those traditions |
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Term
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Definition
| power based on a belief in the lawfulness of enacted rules (laws) and the legitimate right of leaders to exercise authority under such rules |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of governance in which power resides in an individual or a family and is passed from one generation to the next through hereditary lines |
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Term
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Definition
| power based on devotion inspired in followers by the personal qualities of a leader |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of governance in which ordinary members of society are denied the right to participate in government, and political power is exercised by and for the benefit of a small political elite |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of governance in which power rests in a single individual |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of governance that denies popular political participation in government and also seeks to regulate and control all aspects of the public and private lives of citizens |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of governance in which citizens are able to participate directly or indirectly in their own governance |
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Term
|
Definition
| a political system in which all citizens fully participate in their own governance |
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Term
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Definition
| a political system in which citizens elect representatives to govern them |
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Term
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Definition
| the art or science of influencing public policy |
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Term
| political action committees (PACs) |
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Definition
| organizations created by groups such as corporations, union, environmentalists, and other interest groups for the purpose of gathering money and contributing to political candidates who favor the groups' interests |
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Term
|
Definition
| paid professionals whose job it is to influence legislation |
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Term
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Definition
| the phenomenon of war boosting economic productivity and employment, particularly in capital- and labor-intensive sectors such as industrial production |
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Term
| fostering patriotism and national pride; operated as a stimulus to the economy; effect on family life and demographics---baby boom |
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Definition
| what is a latent function of war? |
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Term
| to gain territory; gain control of the natural resources of another state; prevent the disintegration of a territorial unit |
|
Definition
| what is a manifest function of war? |
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Term
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Definition
| "the calculated use of violence or the threat of violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological" |
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Term
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Definition
| this theory argues that the role of the government is to mediate neutrally between competing interests; they assert that the influence of one group is usually offset by that of another group with an opposing view. |
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Term
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Definition
| this theory says that the state serves the interests of the most powerful economic and political groups in society ; emphasize the importance of a power elite, structural contradictions, and the relative autonomy of state power from the economic elites |
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Term
1. traditional authority
2. rational-legal authority
3. charismatic authority |
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Definition
| what are 3 different kinds of legitimate authority in state power? |
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Term
|
Definition
| one of the primary forms of governance in the world today, and most countries claim to be ________ in thoery if not in practice |
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Term
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Definition
| the social institution that organizes the ways in which a society produces, distributes, and consumes goods and services |
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Term
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Definition
| objects that have an economic value to others, whether they are the basic necessities for survival or things that people simply want |
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Term
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Definition
| economically productive activities that do not result directly in physical products; may be relatively simple or quite complex |
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Term
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Definition
| the large-scale, highly standardized manufacturing of identical commodities on a mechanical assembly line |
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Term
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Definition
| a pool of job seekers whose numbers outpace the available positions and thus contribute to keeping wages low and conditions of work tenuous |
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Term
|
Definition
| a practice that sought to use principles of engineering to reduce the physical movements of workers |
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Term
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Definition
| the replacement of human labor by machines in the production process |
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Term
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Definition
| persons who are jobless, actively looked for work in the prior 4 weeks, and are available for work |
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Term
|
Definition
| persons who are neither officially employed nor officially unemployed |
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Term
| marginally attached to the labor force |
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Definition
| persons who would like to work and have searched actively for a job in the past 12 months |
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Term
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Definition
| the management of feelings or emotions to create a publicly observable facial and bodily display in return for a wage |
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Term
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Definition
| an economic order characterized by the market allocation of goods and services, production for private profit, and private ownership of the means of producing wealth |
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Term
|
Definition
| the sector of the labor market in which jobs are linked to the government (whether national, state, or local) and encompass production or allocation of goods and services for the benefit of the government and its citizens |
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Term
|
Definition
| the sector of the labor market that provides goods and services to the economy and consumers with the primary motive of gaining profit |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of economic system without private ownership of the means of production and, theoretically, without economic classes or economic inequality |
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Term
|
Definition
| a type of economic system in which, theoretically, the government manages the economy in the interests of the workers; it owns the business, factories, farms, hospitals, housing, and other means of producing wealth and redistributes that wealth to the population through wages and services |
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Term
|
Definition
| any human effort that adds something of value to the goods and services that are available to others |
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Term
|
Definition
| an economy based on the exchange of goods and services rather than money |
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Term
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Definition
| all work-related activities that provide income and are regulated by government agencies |
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Term
| informal (or underground) economy |
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Definition
| those income-generating economic activities that escape regulation by the governmental institutions that ordinarily regulate similar activities |
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Term
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Definition
| things that make it possible for consumers to acquire goods and services and, at the same time, foster their control and exploitation as consumers |
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Term
|
Definition
| true or false: consumption replaces production as the most important economic process |
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