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| Process by which we act toward and react to people around us, central to human activity, people influence other peoples behaviors, influenced by social structures |
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| Pattern of behavior that governs people's relationships |
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| Position in social hierarchy that comes with a set of expectations. Eg. son, mother, professor, there are statuses attached to what school you attend. |
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| A collection of social statuses that a person occupies. Eg. One person may be a mother, banker, girl scout troop leader, school board member, spouse, and volunteer at a homeless shelter. |
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| an inborn status (eg. race) |
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| Position that is earned. (eg. athlete). Not always desirable eg. criminal, drug dealer. |
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| Overrides all other statuses in our identities and is different from the perspective of each person. Eg. Luke is a professor to his students but a son to his mother. |
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| Occupying social positions that create conflict because of their ranking. Eg. Luke wants to be friendly with his students, but also maintain distance as the status of a professor |
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| Behaviors expected of a person in a particular status. Eg. A student is expected to attend class and study |
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| Multiple different roles attached to a single status |
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| Two or more statuses that conflict. Eg. As a worker and student, you may have to take a shift at work, but also study for an upcoming exam. |
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| Demands among roles within a single status |
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Thomas Theorem
"If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences." Eg. If a student is told repeatedly that they will not do well in school, they will internalize it and stop studying. |
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| Maximizing rewards; minimizing costs, most satisfying when there is a balance. Eg. Penny gives Sheldon a great gift for Christmas. To (over) compensate, Sheldon gives her many gifts and even a hug in return. |
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| 80% of adult Americans use the internet. The biggest digital divide exists between social classes. Those who are wealthier and have achieved academically are more likely to use the internet. |
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| People who share some attribute, common identity, identify with one another, and interact. Eg. Family, sorority, team. |
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| Face to face interaction, provide emotional satisfaction, deeper feelings, smaller group but longer lasting, provide for most of our socialization. Eg. family and close friends. |
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| Larger, less intimate, specific goal, often temporary Eg. Classmates, coworkers, sports teammates. |
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| Smallest possible social group, more private, 2 Eg. a couple |
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| 3, more complex interaction |
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| identifies with and feels loyalty towards |
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| feels opposition or hostility towards, can be based on prejudice/dicrimination |
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| a group that provides standard of comparison Eg. NBA players may be a reference for high school basketball players, nursing students may reference actual nurses, family can be a reference |
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| Web of social ties that links an individual to others |
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| influence of ones group on attitudes and behaviors. Eg. Elevator experiment where group of people decided to face the opposite way, and some conformed. |
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| Robert Merton, people engage in deviance when there is a strain between goals and means. |
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| Accepts goals and means. Wants to be successful, will keep trying to attain goals, will obey social rules, is not deviant. |
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| Accepts goals but rejects means. Desires wealth but may turn to crime or deviance upon realization that their social status may limit them from their success. May achieve goals through illegitimate means. Eg. Sells drugs or lies on job resume |
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| Rejects goals but accepts means. Continues to pursue success, works hard, accepts lack of wealth |
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| Rejects both goals and means. Eg. Alcoholic, college drop out, homeless person. |
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| Replaces goals and means. Most threatening and dangerous reaction mechanism, wants to establish new normative society, opposes government, rejects ideas of success, give new goals and ways to get there. Eg. Terrorists |
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| Differential Associations Theory |
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| People learn deviance through association and interaction with deviant peers. |
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| People learn deviance through association and interaction with deviant peers |
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| Deviance is consequence of external judgements that modify a person self-concept, if others react to us as deviant, we will internalize that label, and turn deviant ourselves. |
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Eg. Two white people "find" food from a grocery store.
Black man "loots" food from a grocery store. We label without even knowing it |
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| any behavior, belief, or situation that violates social norms Eg. drinking too much, Goths, unwed mother. |
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| Violation of law that is punishable with fines, jail, and other sanctions. |
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| Techniques and strategies that regulate behavior rewards or incentives for doing well and consequences. |
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| To deprive a person of things valued |
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| Premise that punishment should fit the crime |
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| Instilling a fear of punishment should fit the crime |
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| Reforming the offender to prevent later offenses, usually via counseling or therapy |
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| criminals are unable to commit additional crimes, protects society |
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| Deviance and crime are normal parts of the social structure, affirms cultural values and norms, creates social unity Eg. 9/11 |
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| "There is nothing abnormal about deviance" Without evil there can be no good. |
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| Condition in which people are unsure of how to behave because of absent, conflicting, or confusing social norms. Eg. The Shawshank Redemption, man gets out of jail and doesnt know how to act, commits suicide |
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| Powerful groups control the law, social order is maintained by domination, with power in the hands of those with greatest political, economic, and social resources |
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| Illegal activities conducted online Eg. Stealing one's identity or bank information |
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| Illegal actions of a corporation or people action on its behalf |
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| Business supplying illegal goods or services for profit Eg. laundering money |
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| Exchange of illegal goods or services among adults Eg. Prostitution, smoking marijuana |
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| A convicted criminal who reoffends, especially repeatedly. |
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| Hierarchical ranking of people who have different access to resources |
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| individual achievement Eg. Personality |
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| limited by ascribed statuses Eg. Sex, race |
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| based on heredity (india), social status is ascribed by birth, limits relationships, occupations and access to education, most people marry within same caste |
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| The "Untouchables" people dont want to touch them, low class, do menial tasks. |
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| Net worth, includes property and income |
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| respect attached to social positions based on wealth, family background, fame etc. |
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| ability to achieve goals or maintain influence, usually passed on traditions and social class, personal charisma |
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| coined by C. Wright Mills, small group of old white males make decisions for the country, CEOs. |
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| subculture of future children that are socializing into perpetuating their abilities to escape poverty. Eg. Parents are unemployed, live off government paychecks, children may do the same and teach their kids the same thing |
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| Socioeconomic Status (SES) |
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| Measurement of person's rank within class system, based on income, education, and occupation |
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Extent to which you have positive experiences
Health- higher social class= greater life expectancy
Family- more money=better child' talents
Education- quality of teachers/limited opportunites |
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| Can't afford basic necessities |
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| Can't maintain average standing of living |
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| Moving from positions at same social class levels |
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| Moving up or down class Hierarchy |
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| Intragenerational Mobility |
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| change occuring within an individual's lifetime |
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| Intergenerational Mobility |
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| Degree to whether you are better or worse off than your parents, change over generations |
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| Grown up children who depend on their parents. Over 4 million adults between the ages of 25-34 live with their parents. A growing trend in the last decade. |
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