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Sociology Exam 1
N/A
70
Sociology
Undergraduate 2
09/26/2012

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Term
Sociology
Definition
emphasis on groups of people rather than individuals, study groups
Term
A. Comte
Definition
founder of sociology, wrote bout changing society in France during Revolution
-social statics and social dynamics
Term
H. Martineau
Definition
interested in treatment of women and children during industrial revolution, concerned with well-being, translated Comte's work from French to English
Term
C Wright Mills
Definition
created concept of sociological imagination
Term
sociological imagination
Definition
try to connect personal experiences to wider society
Term
Ida Wells-Barnett
Definition
civil rights leader, born a slave, writes about inequality in America, black soldiers returned from WWI and lynched in uniforms, race related events
Term
H. Spencer
Definition
British sociologists, contributes to Structural Functionalist Theory, coins concept of Social Darwinism
Term
Social Darwinism
Definition
survival of the fittest, poor and weak die off
Term
Karl Marx
Definition
contributes to Conflict Theory, radical in ideas, primary concern with economic view of life, society in competition between poor and rich, Communist Manifesto, workers need to fight for rights
Term
Emile Durkheim
Definition
structural functionalist, studied religion as functional to society, significant research on suicide (most likely to have lack of social integration)
Term
Anomic Suicide
Definition
lack of normality in society, no values or discipline, no integration, lack of direction, not sure where going or state of confusion
Term
Altruistic Suicide
Definition
social integration to extreme, kill themselves because so connected, Florida has highest rate
Term
Egoistic Suicide
Definition
isolated from other people, geographic isolation, need contact with other people, Montana and Nevada have high rates
Term
Fatalistic Suicide
Definition
when person extremely oppressive/abusive more likely to commit suicide
Term
Max Weber
Definition
looked at social change in society, religion catalyst of change, verstehen concept that to study a group you must have insiders perspective
Term
W.E.B. DuBois
Definition
African American sociologist, wrote about race relations, interviewed people, did not think would ever become equal, negative outlook and leaves to W. Africa, wrote Philadelphia Negro
Term
Charles Darwin
Definition
looks at biological role, natural selection
Term
Ruth Benedict
Definition
wrote Patterns of culture, studied Native Americans
Term
Margaret Mead
Definition
studied human sexuality, controversial for being women and studying sex, Americans didi not date enough, said should live with someone before marriage
Term
Structural Functionalist Theory (macro)
Definition
every institution have purpose in society, create balance, does not always mean positive reason
Term
R. Merton
Definition
institutions functional but create problems, dysfunctional, can provide and take away, looks at prostitution (STDs and degradation but fulfills service)
Term
Manifest Function
Definition
intended consequences, why institution created
Term
Latent Function
Definition
hidden function, not intended but still happens
Term
Conflict Theory (macro)
Definition
looks a t what breaks down an institution, problems, only dysfunctional but change can be good, disorder and instability
Term
Symbolic Interactionist Theory (micro)
Definition
individual responses
Term
George H. Mead
Definition
looks at symbols and identifies them as being heart of society (ex. stoplights), have shared meaning and how we respond to them, use of words and language as being symoblic
Term
Experiments
Definition
testing done to formulate theory
-lab everything done in artificial setting
-field study in natural setting
Term
Surveys
Definition
often quickest to find information
-questionnaire
-interview
-samples
Term
Questionnaire
Definition
given lists of questions and answer at own pace, 20-40% of them ever answered
Term
Interview
Definition
90% people will grant interview, not anonymous
Term
Samples
Definition
random-everyone same chance being selected, not looking for specific qualities
stratified- only want specific traits
Term
1936 Literary Digest
Definition
wanted to predict presidential election, Roosevelt (D) vs. Landon (R), had biased surveys to wealthy and predicted Landon would win by a lot, Roosevelt won, misrepresentation of population
Term
George Gallup
Definition
polled Americans on street of NYC and said FDR would win, random sample
Term
Observation
Definition
watch and observe behavior, participant is when the sociologist is participating in the behavior under research
Term
Chagnon
Definition
first to study Yanomamo, wrote Yanomamo: The Fierce People, ended up being forbidden to go back
Term
Good
Definition
most recent to study Yanomamo
Term
Hawthorne Effect
Definition
when subjects know they are being studied they change their behavior
Term
Kottak
Definition
nonparticipant observation in Madagascar, people studied practiced infantisy (killing infants) when believed baby would not thrive, observed and wrote essays
Term
R. Alfred
Definition
studied Satanists, graduate student in San Fran, becomes member for three years and lied about reason for being there, gets their approval to publish
Term
John Lofland
Definition
studies separate religious organization, writes book called Doomesday Cult and refers to members as Divine Precepts, controversial because targeted high school students, real cult was Unification Church
Term
L. Humphreys
Definition
studied tea-room trading, acted as "watch queen," after a year he interviewed them at home and found most lived conventional lives, hid their homosexuality, published book Tea Room Trading and Anonymous Oral Sex, destroys stereotype of homosexual pedophiles, loses job for violating code of ethics
Term
W. Zellner
Definition
interested in autocides (suicide by car accident), information used by insurance companies because suicide would prevent insurance benefit, interviewed families and witnesses, concluded 12% of single occupant accidents autocides, families enraged
Term
Material culture
Definition
artifacts and objects
Term
nonmaterial culture
Definition
abstract, values, norms
Term
enculturation
Definition
learn culture through parents and others, taught by older generation and others, no automatically replicated
Term
socialization
Definition
larger level, society teaches us culture
Term
diffusion
Definition
spreading of culture by societies, internationally
direct- actual diffusion such as technology
indirect- idea spreads from one culture to another
Term
language
Definition
keystone of culture
Term
Axtell
Definition
businessman, traveled worldwide, found symbols misinterpreted, symbols with color is one example
Term
Sapier-Whort Theory/ linguistic relativity theory
Definition
language reflects culture and culture reflects language, how meaningful to culture
Term
Norms
Definition
social rules or guidelines for behavior, describe what is normal in a situation
Term
Mores
Definition
serious type of social norm (many are laws such as do not kill), strong sanction/punishment
Term
folkways
Definition
customary and habitual behavior, way society is and behaves, violate and get reaction, weak social norm
Term
sanctions
Definition
compliments are positive and penalties are negative reactions to behavior, way to learn norms
Term
taboo
Definition
awful behavior, utterly loathsome (cannibalism and incest)
Term
values
Definition
component of culture, abstract ideas about what is good/beautiful/desirable/correct
Term
R. Williams
Definition
10 values in society, core of culture (materialism, nationalism, pride in identity...)
Term
G. Murdock
Definition
identified cultural universals, asks what components of culture same in all societies (families, religion, names,bodily adornment, calendar systems),
3 great cultural universals:
incest taboo (differs depending on definition of relative), marriage (common is polygyny), heterosexuality
Term
Culture Shock
Definition
identified by Kottak, whole set of feelings about being in an alien setting and the ensuring reactions; chilly creepy feeling of being without some of the most ordinary, trivial, and basic cues of one's culture of origin
Term
ethnocentrism
Definition
judge people by our standards/values/norms, can lead to belief in superiority
Term
cultural relativism
Definition
study without judgement, understand reasoning
Term
FGM
Definition
female genital mutilation, very common around world, female circumcision
Term
hunters and gatherers
Definition
least efficient society, numbers small, less to work with, live in marginal environments, equality between genders
Term
pastoralists
Definition
2nd least efficient, live off domesticated herds of animals, more aggressive, live off byproducts
Pokot in Kenya eat blood of cattle
Term
horticulturalists
Definition
3rd least efficient, simplest form of agriculture, garden farming, limited growth in environment, trade products, aggressive (Yanomamo)
Term
agriculturalists
Definition
serial grains and crops on larger scale, domestication of animals, huge populations, stratification (hierarchy), 2nd most efficient
Term
industrial
Definition
most efficient, contemporary and modern, higher life expectancy, factories
Term
xenocentrism
Definition
belief that products form another country superior to ones own
Term
sub culture
Definition
group that participates in main stream society but has own identity (language/religion)
Term
counter culture
Definition
groups that go against main stream society (cults, neo-Nazis)
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