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| emphasis on groups of people rather than individuals, study groups |
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founder of sociology, wrote bout changing society in France during Revolution
-social statics and social dynamics |
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| interested in treatment of women and children during industrial revolution, concerned with well-being, translated Comte's work from French to English |
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| created concept of sociological imagination |
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| try to connect personal experiences to wider society |
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| civil rights leader, born a slave, writes about inequality in America, black soldiers returned from WWI and lynched in uniforms, race related events |
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| British sociologists, contributes to Structural Functionalist Theory, coins concept of Social Darwinism |
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| survival of the fittest, poor and weak die off |
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| contributes to Conflict Theory, radical in ideas, primary concern with economic view of life, society in competition between poor and rich, Communist Manifesto, workers need to fight for rights |
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| structural functionalist, studied religion as functional to society, significant research on suicide (most likely to have lack of social integration) |
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| lack of normality in society, no values or discipline, no integration, lack of direction, not sure where going or state of confusion |
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| social integration to extreme, kill themselves because so connected, Florida has highest rate |
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| isolated from other people, geographic isolation, need contact with other people, Montana and Nevada have high rates |
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| when person extremely oppressive/abusive more likely to commit suicide |
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| looked at social change in society, religion catalyst of change, verstehen concept that to study a group you must have insiders perspective |
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| African American sociologist, wrote about race relations, interviewed people, did not think would ever become equal, negative outlook and leaves to W. Africa, wrote Philadelphia Negro |
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| looks at biological role, natural selection |
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| wrote Patterns of culture, studied Native Americans |
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| studied human sexuality, controversial for being women and studying sex, Americans didi not date enough, said should live with someone before marriage |
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| Structural Functionalist Theory (macro) |
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| every institution have purpose in society, create balance, does not always mean positive reason |
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| institutions functional but create problems, dysfunctional, can provide and take away, looks at prostitution (STDs and degradation but fulfills service) |
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| intended consequences, why institution created |
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| hidden function, not intended but still happens |
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| looks a t what breaks down an institution, problems, only dysfunctional but change can be good, disorder and instability |
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| Symbolic Interactionist Theory (micro) |
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| looks at symbols and identifies them as being heart of society (ex. stoplights), have shared meaning and how we respond to them, use of words and language as being symoblic |
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testing done to formulate theory
-lab everything done in artificial setting
-field study in natural setting |
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often quickest to find information
-questionnaire
-interview
-samples |
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| given lists of questions and answer at own pace, 20-40% of them ever answered |
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| 90% people will grant interview, not anonymous |
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random-everyone same chance being selected, not looking for specific qualities
stratified- only want specific traits |
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| wanted to predict presidential election, Roosevelt (D) vs. Landon (R), had biased surveys to wealthy and predicted Landon would win by a lot, Roosevelt won, misrepresentation of population |
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| polled Americans on street of NYC and said FDR would win, random sample |
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| watch and observe behavior, participant is when the sociologist is participating in the behavior under research |
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| first to study Yanomamo, wrote Yanomamo: The Fierce People, ended up being forbidden to go back |
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| most recent to study Yanomamo |
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| when subjects know they are being studied they change their behavior |
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| nonparticipant observation in Madagascar, people studied practiced infantisy (killing infants) when believed baby would not thrive, observed and wrote essays |
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| studied Satanists, graduate student in San Fran, becomes member for three years and lied about reason for being there, gets their approval to publish |
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| studies separate religious organization, writes book called Doomesday Cult and refers to members as Divine Precepts, controversial because targeted high school students, real cult was Unification Church |
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| studied tea-room trading, acted as "watch queen," after a year he interviewed them at home and found most lived conventional lives, hid their homosexuality, published book Tea Room Trading and Anonymous Oral Sex, destroys stereotype of homosexual pedophiles, loses job for violating code of ethics |
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| interested in autocides (suicide by car accident), information used by insurance companies because suicide would prevent insurance benefit, interviewed families and witnesses, concluded 12% of single occupant accidents autocides, families enraged |
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| learn culture through parents and others, taught by older generation and others, no automatically replicated |
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| larger level, society teaches us culture |
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spreading of culture by societies, internationally
direct- actual diffusion such as technology
indirect- idea spreads from one culture to another |
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| businessman, traveled worldwide, found symbols misinterpreted, symbols with color is one example |
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| Sapier-Whort Theory/ linguistic relativity theory |
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| language reflects culture and culture reflects language, how meaningful to culture |
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| social rules or guidelines for behavior, describe what is normal in a situation |
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| serious type of social norm (many are laws such as do not kill), strong sanction/punishment |
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| customary and habitual behavior, way society is and behaves, violate and get reaction, weak social norm |
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| compliments are positive and penalties are negative reactions to behavior, way to learn norms |
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| awful behavior, utterly loathsome (cannibalism and incest) |
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| component of culture, abstract ideas about what is good/beautiful/desirable/correct |
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| 10 values in society, core of culture (materialism, nationalism, pride in identity...) |
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identified cultural universals, asks what components of culture same in all societies (families, religion, names,bodily adornment, calendar systems),
3 great cultural universals:
incest taboo (differs depending on definition of relative), marriage (common is polygyny), heterosexuality |
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| identified by Kottak, whole set of feelings about being in an alien setting and the ensuring reactions; chilly creepy feeling of being without some of the most ordinary, trivial, and basic cues of one's culture of origin |
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| judge people by our standards/values/norms, can lead to belief in superiority |
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| study without judgement, understand reasoning |
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| female genital mutilation, very common around world, female circumcision |
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| least efficient society, numbers small, less to work with, live in marginal environments, equality between genders |
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2nd least efficient, live off domesticated herds of animals, more aggressive, live off byproducts
Pokot in Kenya eat blood of cattle |
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| 3rd least efficient, simplest form of agriculture, garden farming, limited growth in environment, trade products, aggressive (Yanomamo) |
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| serial grains and crops on larger scale, domestication of animals, huge populations, stratification (hierarchy), 2nd most efficient |
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| most efficient, contemporary and modern, higher life expectancy, factories |
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| belief that products form another country superior to ones own |
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| group that participates in main stream society but has own identity (language/religion) |
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| groups that go against main stream society (cults, neo-Nazis) |
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