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Sociology Exam Review
N/A
162
Sociology
12th Grade
01/19/2012

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Term
Economics
Definition
Study of the choices people make in an effort to satisfy their wants and needs.
Term
Sociological Imagination
Definition
Ability to see the connection between the larger world and our personal lives.
Term
Psychology
Definition
The science that deals with the behavior and thinking of organisms
Term
Political Science
Definition
Study of the organization and operation of government.
Term
Function
Definition
Positive consequence of element of society has for the maintenance of the social system.
Term
Dysfunction
Definition
Negative consequences of an element has for the stability of the social system.
Term
Sociology
Definition
Science that studies human society and social behavior.
Term
Functionalist Perspective
Definition
Theoretical perspective that views society as a set of interrelated parts that work together to produce a stable social system.
Term
Anthropology
Definition
Comparative study of various aspects of past and preset cultures
Term
Social Interaction
Definition
How people relate to one another and influences each other's behavior.
Term
Conflict Perspective
Definition
Theoretical perspective that focuses on those forces in society that promote competition.
Term
Social Darwinism
Definition
Perspective that holds that societies evolve towards stability and perfection.
Term
Theoretical Perspective
Definition
General set of assumptions about the nature of phenomena.
Term
Verstehen
Definition
Empathetic understanding of the meanings others attach to their actions.
Term
Social Psychology
Definition
Study of how an individual's behavior and personality are affected by the social environment.
Term
Interactioist Perspective
Definition
Theoretical perspective that focuses on how individuals interact with one another in society.
Term
How did the Industrial Revolution influence the development of sociology?
Definition
Showed a change within the standards and treatment of people within societies.
Term
C. Wright Mills
Definition
A Sociologist
Term
Karl Marx
Definition
A Sociologist
Term
Folkways
Definition
Norms that do not have great moral significance attached to them. The common customs of everyday life.
Term
Law
Definition
Written rule of conduct that is enacted and enforced by the government. By definition, the violation of these norms is considered a criminal act.
Term
Mores
Definition
Norms that have great moral significance attached to them.
Term
Counterculture
Definition
Group that rejects the values, norms, and practices of the larger society and replaces them with a new set of cultural patterns.
Term
Culture
Definition
Shared products of human groups. These products include both physical objects and the beliefs, values and behaviors shared by the group.
Term
Cultural Universals
Definition
Common features that are found in all human cultures
Term
Culture Traits
Definition
Individual tool, act, or belief that is related to a particular situation or need.
Term
Norms
Definition
Shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations.
Term
Symbols
Definition
Anything that stands for something else and has a shared meaning attached to it.
Term
George Murdock
Definition
A Sociologist
Term
Margaret Mead
Definition
A Sociologist
Term
Subculture
Definition
Group with its own unique values, norms, and behaviors that exists within a larger culture.
Term
Culture Pattern
Definition
Combination of a number of culture complexes into an interrelated whole.
Term
Artifact
Definition
Any object made by human beings, especially with a view to subsequent use.
Term
Society
Definition
Group of mutually interdependent people who have organized in such a way as to share a common culture and feeling of unity.
Term
Culture Relativism
Definition
Belief that cultures should be judged by their own standards
Term
Symbolic Interaction
Definition
Interaction between people that takes place through the use of symbols.
Term
Language
Definition
Organization of written and spoken symbols into a standardized system
Term
Values
Definition
Shared beliefs about what is good or bad, right or wrong, desirable or undesirable.
Term
Culture Complex
Definition
Cluster of interrelated culture traits.
Term
Formal Sanction
Definition
Reward or punishment that is given my some formal organization or regulatory body, such as the government, the police, a corporation, or a school.
Term
Informal Sanction
Definition
Spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval given by an individual or individuals.
Term
Internalization
Definition
Process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual's personality, thereby conditioning the individual to conform to society's expectations.
Term
Assimilation
Definition
Blending of culturally distinct groups into a single group with a common culture and identity
Term
Social Control
Definition
Enforcing of norms through either internalization or sanctions.
Term
Narcissism
Definition
Extreme self-centeredness
Term
Cultural Lag
Definition
Situation in which some aspects of the culture change less rapidly, or lag behind, other aspects of the same culture.
Term
Wars and Conquest
Definition
A type of movement that enacts social change.
Term
Diffusion
Definition
Spread if cultural traits from one society to another.
Term
Ethnocentrism
Definition
Tendency to view one's own culture and group as superior to all other cultures and groups.
Term
Ideology
Definition
System of beliefs or ideas that justifies some social, moral, religious, political, or economic interests held by a social group or by society.
Term
Social Movement
Definition
Long-Term conscious effort to promote or prevent social change.
Term
Positive Sanction
Definition
Sanction in the form of a reward.
Term
Negative Sanctions
Definition
Sanction in the form of a punishment or the threat of punishment.
Term
Vested Interests
Definition
A source of resistance to social change.
Term
Technology
Definition
Knowledge and tools people use to manipulate their environment for practical purposes
Term
Values and Beliefs
Definition
A mix of values and beliefs held by a society.
Term
Significant Others
Definition
Specific people, such as parents, brothers, sisters, other relatives, and friends, who have a direct influence on our socialization.
Term
Heredity
Definition
Transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to children.
Term
Socialization
Definition
Interactive process through which individuals learn the basic skills, values, beliefs, and behavior patterns of society.
Term
Instinct
Definition
Unchanging, biologically inherited behavior pattern.
Term
Personality
Definition
Sum total of behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and values that are characteristic of an individual.
Term
Nature
Definition
Heredity, or inherited genetic characteristics
Term
Me
Definition
Part of the identity that is aware of the expectations and attitudes of society, the socialized self.
Term
Self
Definition
Conscious awareness of possessing a distinct identity that separates us from other members of society.
Term
I
Definition
Socialized, spontaneous, self-interested component of the personality and self-identity.
Term
Looking-Glass Self
Definition
Interactive process by which we develop an image of ourselves based on how we imagine we appear to others.
Term
Generalized Other
Definition
Internalized attitudes, expectations, and viewpoints of society that we use to guide our behavior and reinforce our sense of self.
Term
School
Definition
A place in which we learn and become socialized.
Term
Peer Group
Definition
Primary group composed of individuals of roughly equal age and social characteristics.
Term
Family
Definition
Group of people who are related by marriage, blood, or adoption and who live together and share economic resources.
Term
Mass Media
Definition
Newspapers, magazines, books, television, radio, films, and other forms of communication that reach large audiences without personal contact between the individual sending the information and those receiving it.
Term
George Herbert Mead
Definition
A Sociologist
Term
John Locke
Definition
A Sociologist
Term
Rene Spitz
Definition
A Sociologist
Term
Susan Curtiss
Definition
A Sociologist
Term
Aptitude
Definition
Capacity to learn a particular skill or acquire a particular body of knowledge.
Term
Birth Order
Definition
The order in which children are born which determines certain characteristics.
Term
Human Interaction
Definition
The way people interact with one another.
Term
Tabula Rasa
Definition
The theory that each child is born as a clean slate, able to learn and grow in whatever way wanted.
Term
Nature vs. Nurture Debate
Definition
The debate of, non-socialization vs socialization that continues to circulate even today.
Term
Social Integration
Definition
Degree of attachments people have to social groups or to society.
Term
Emile Durkheim
Definition
A Sociologist
Term
Puberty Rites
Definition
The ceremony of coming of age. The rights, and responsibilities placed upon adolescence after reaching a certain age.
Term
Puberty
Definition
Physical maturing that makes an individual capable of sexual reproduction.
Term
Cluster Effect
Definition
The cluster effect is the effect of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service congregating in a certain place.
Term
Willard Waller
Definition
A Sociologist
Term
Drug
Definition
Any substance that changes the mood, behavior, or consciousness.
Term
Adolescence
Definition
Period between the normal onset of puberty and the beginning of adulthood.
Term
Biological Growth and Development
Definition
The genetic characteristics that are part of a person, and change as they grow and develop.
Term
Anticipatory Socialization
Definition
Learning of the rights, obligations, and expectations of a role in preparation for assuming that role at a future date.
Term
Marriage
Definition
A Set of norms that specify the ways in which family structure should be organized.
Term
What factors encouraged the rise of dating?
Definition
More places to go, freedoms, non-monogamous relationships, groups of people.
Term
Traditional System of Dating
Definition
Courtship vs. Dating
Term
Homogamy
Definition
Tendency for individuals to marry people who have social characteristics similar to their own.
Term
The Search for Self
Definition
The characteristic of adolescence that includes anticipatory socialization.
Term
Increased Pressure
Definition
Pressure comes at you from many directions during adolescence.
Term
Undetermined Status
Definition
The expectations for adolescence are unclear.
Term
Increased Decision Making
Definition
As you become an adult you must learn to make more decisions for yourself.
Term
Labeling Theory
Definition
Theory that focuses on how individuals come to be labeled as deviant.
Term
Criminal Justice System
Definition
A series of organizations involved in apprehending, prosecuting, defending, sentencing, and jailing those involved in crimes - including law enforcement, attorneys, judges, courts of law, prisons.
Term
Stigma
Definition
Mark of social disgrace that sets the deviant apart from the rest of society.
Term
Anomie
Definition
Situation that arises when the norms of society are unclear or are no longer applicable.
Term
White-Collar Crime
Definition
Crime that is committed by and individual or individuals of high social status in the course of their professional lives.
Term
Plea Bargaining
Definition
Process of legal negotiation that allows an accused person to plead guilty to a lesser charge in return for a lighter sentence.
Term
Courts
Definition
A place where justice is administered.
Term
Differential Association
Definition
Proportion of associations a person has with deviant versus non-deviant individuals.
Term
Retribution
Definition
Requital according to merits or deserts, especially for evil.
Term
Victimless Crimes
Definition
Crimes in which property damage may occur but no person is hurt.
Term
Retreatism
Definition
Deviance in a sociological context describes actions or behaviors that violate cultural norms including formally-enacted rules.
Term
Cultural-Transmission Theory
Definition
Theory that views deviance as a learned behavior transmitted through interaction with others.
Term
Organized Crime
Definition
A crime that is well organized and planned out before being done.
Term
Violent Crime
Definition
A crime that is considered violent and harms someone.
Term
Rebellion
Definition
An act of violent or open resistance to an established government or ruler.
Term
Recidivism
Definition
Repeated criminal behavior.
Term
Innovation
Definition
he action or process of innovating.
Term
Conformity
Definition
Compliance with standards, rules, or laws.
Term
Ritualism
Definition
The regular observance or practice of ritual, esp. when excessive or without regard to its function.
Term
Crimes Against Property
Definition
Crimes that involve some destruction of property such as vandalism.
Term
Class System
Definition
System in which scarce resources and rewards are determined on the basis of achieved status.
Term
Endogamy
Definition
Marriage within one's own social category
Term
Caste System
Definition
System in which scarce resources and rewards are distributed based on ascribed statuses
Term
Exogamy
Definition
Marriage outside of one's own social category.
Term
Life Chances
Definition
Likelihood individuals have of sharing in the opportunities and benefits of society.
Term
Life Expectancy
Definition
Average number of years a person born in a particular can be expected to live.
Term
Objective Method
Definition
Technique used to rank individuals according to social class in which sociologist define social class in terms of factors such as income, occupation, and education.
Term
Prestige
Definition
Respect, honor, recognition, or courtesy an individual receives from other members of society.
Term
Subjective Method
Definition
Technique used to rank individuals according to social class in which the individuals themselves are asked to determine their own social rank.
Term
Social Inequality
Definition
Unequal sharing of social rewards and resources.
Term
Socioeconomic
Definition
A rating that combines social factors such as level of education, occupational prestige, and place of residence with the economic factor of income in order to determine an individual's relative position in the stratification system.
Term
Vertical Mobility
Definition
Movement between social classes or strata in which the individual moves from one social-class level to another.
Term
Intergenerational Mobility
Definition
Form of vertical mobility in which status differs between generations in the same family.
Term
Horizontal Mobility
Definition
Type of social mobility in which the individual moves from one position in a social-class level to another position in that say social-class.
Term
Wealth
Definition
Most obvious dimension of social stratification because it is made up of the value or everything the person owns and money earned through salaries and wages.
Term
Transfer Payments
Definition
Principal way in which the government attempts to reduce social inequality by redistributing money among various segments of society.
Term
Assimilation
Definition
Blending of culturally distinct groups into a single group with a common culture and identity.
Term
Cultural Pluralism
Definition
Policy that allows each group within a society to keep its unique cultural identity.
Term
Segregation
Definition
Physical separation of a minority group from the dominant group.
Term
Racism
Definition
Belief that one's own race or ethnic group is naturally superior to other races or ethnic groups.
Term
Minority
Definition
Category of people who share physical characteristics or cultural practices that result in the group being denied equal treatment.
Term
Which Minority Group is call a model Minority?
Definition
Asian Americans
Term
Which minority group was relocated to camps during World War II?
Definition
Japanese
Term
Which nation practiced extermination?
Definition
Nazi Germany
Term
Which minority group was granted U.S. citizenship in 1924?
Definition
Native Americans
Term
Which minority group is the largest in the U.S?
Definition
African American
Term
Scapegoating
Definition
Practice of placing blame for one's troubles on an innocent individual or group.
Term
The Social Environment
Definition
the environment developed by humans as contrasted with the natural environment; society as a whole, especially in its relation to the individual.
Term
Subjugation
Definition
Maintaining of control over a group through force.
Term
Stereotyping
Definition
Oversimplified, exaggerated, or unfavorable generalization about a category of people.
Term
Mongoloids
Definition
Scientific name for Asian Americans
Term
Negroids
Definition
Scientific name for African Americans
Term
Caucasoids
Definition
Scientific name for White Americans.
Term
Jim Crow Laws?
Definition
Were laws put in place to segregate White Americans and African Americans.
Term
Civil Rights Act of 1964?
Definition
Gave African Americans rights within the U.S.
Term
Plessy vs. Ferguson?
Definition
Fought against segregation.
Term
The 19th Amendment?
Definition
Give females rights.
Term
Prejudiced
Definition
Nonsupporting generalization about a category of people.
Term
Discrimination
Definition
Denial of equal treatment to individuals based on their group membership.
Term
Genocide
Definition
Extermination aimed at intentionally destroying an entire targeted population.
Term
Native Americans
Definition
A minority group within the U.S
Term
White Immigrants
Definition
Immigrants who are white.
Term
European Americans
Definition
People who came from Europe to America.
Term
White Ethnics
Definition
Collective reference to immigrants from the predominantly Catholic counties of Ireland, Italy, France, Poland, and Greece.
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