Sex

Sex Roles

Gender Identity

sex: biological

Sex role: behavior expectations for males/females

Gender identity: established by age 4, self-concept as male or female

MEAD

feminine culture

Men and women are both equally nurturing and have "female" roles

Culture

Arapesh: feminine

Mudugumor: masculine
Tchambuli: reversed

MEAD

Masculine culture

Men are violent, children are neglected or abused, no nurturing

MEAD

Reversed culture

Married couples have their gender roles reversed; women nursed infants, but men had child-rearing responsibilities + women did stuff with community

Upper: formal traditional, familiastic obligations, expect women to drop career to become a mother

Middle: Intimate, egalitarian (women are equals), child-centered

Working: lack of intimacy, male-dominated, adult-centered

• Helps form self-concept (boys are as usable as girls)
  
• Social and political attitudes
  
• Perception of other people (boys are socialized to use force + reconciliation to create dominance + girls use ridicule and exclusion)

What % of women are in the workforce?

What % of women have children and work?

What % of these children are under the age of 6?

60% of all women work

72% of women work and have kids

65% of these kids are younger than 6

What percent of men are in the workforce?

How does this compare to women?

77% of men are in the workforce

60% of women are in workforce

$76

What ratio of female corrections officers in Michigan are victims of Quid Pro Quo?

And how many are victims of hostile environment?

1/3 female corrections officers experience Quid Pro Quo

2/3 experience hostile environment

• Human capital: women lack education, experience, career continuity, and social connections to compete equally with men
  
• Labor market segmentation: women are concentrated in secondary labor market (waitresses, daycare, etc) and men are in primary market (electrician, autoworker, plumber). 

Primary: electrician, plumber, autoworker (makes more $)

Secondary: waitress, day care

The value of women's unpaid housework is estimated to be worth at least __% GNP in core nations.

This totals to how much $?

30% GNP

$5 trillion

GROSS

special application of conflict theory to describe women's status 

traditional patriarchy is the sole cause of discrimination against women

alimony: no woman should depend on a man

PROPOSE: radical reconstruction of society

Discrimination against women linked to other forms of discrimination (class, race, sexual orientation, etc).

PROPOSE: social reformation

(ie civil rights act + affirmative action)

1. replacement through reproduction

2. regulating sexual behavior (and reproduction) 

3. economic responsibility for dependents

4. socializing + educating young

5. status ascription + social placement

6. providing intimacy, belonging, emotional support

multiple spouses

(polygany = many wives, plygandry = more husbands)

morman polygamy

what % of men had more than 1 wife?

How many had more than 2+?

10% of elegible men had more than 1 wife

(2/3 has one additional wife)

poor culture

fraternal marriage - brothers marry same wife, because they are poor and cannot individually afford to support a wife

1. Lineage - how ancestry is traced

2. Authority - who's in charge?

3. Residence - where does couple live?

4. Household - which kin live together?

5. Ideology - which is most important - happiness of individual or welfare of extended family unit?

-bilineal: equal recognition of both sides

-egalitarian: treat women as equals

-Neolocal: family establishes own, new residence 

-Nuclear: man, women, children live in house

-Individualistic 

Patrilineal

Patriarchal

Patriolocal: woman moves in with husband's family

Extended Family lives in household

Familialistic 

Matrilineal: traced through mother's side of family

Egalitarian: women are equals

Matrilocal: man married into wife's family

Extended family lived in household

Familistic

Degree of consent

relationship - same sex, animals, relatives => no sex!

nature of the sex act - no oral sex, missionary only, over 18

Amount of privacy - private sex

marry someone close in vicinity, similar class, attractiveness, compatibility 

(characteristics of parents = characteristics of future husband/wife)

promoted by WWII

why? because it sells stuff. keeps nuclear families 

How many whites are born out of wedlock?

and African Americans? why is this?

whites: 29%

african americans: 72%

----severe shortage of marriageable men

Family performs fewer functions

less stigma attached to divorce

"no fault" divorce: easier to get than adversarial divorce

No fault Divorce

vs

Adversarial Divorce

No Fault: California: husbands + wives = financial equals. alimony: men obligated to support wife until death

Adversarial: Prove fault. eliminated because produce bitterness + financial hardships for divorced families 

Divorced women + children lose how much after a divorce?

What do men gain?

women: lose 21% 

men: gain 10%

1. Divorce reduces family income

2. Labor market segmentation: places divorced women in a position of economic disadvantages

3. Poor families are more likely to divorce

4. Fewer than 1/2 of noncustodial parents pay child support

Functionalist: manifest, develops literacy & citizenship, emphasizes achievement based on merit. 

Conflict: latent (hidden curriculum), focus on class differences in funding + outcomes

1800-1970

1st public school system (inclusive public school, grades 1-8, supported by taxes, 3 R's (reading, writing, arathmetic)

began in New England, kids' parents were the school board

school masters were paid in room&board, low salary

manifest

develops literacy & citizenship

emphasizes achievement based on merit

latent (hidden curriculum)

focus on class differences in funding + outcomes

1900-present

grades 7-12 (tracks: college prep, vocational, general)

Eastern power elite supported public education
1. americanization

2. literacy

3. vocational training

1. Americanization

2. Literacy

3. Vocational training

Social class is the best indicator of _________.

Social class predicts __% of variance in occupation.

Intervening variables?

50%

intervening variables: quality of school, parental support, peers, ability

measure cognitive efficiency 

ex: SATS, ACTs

education = necessary for national security

government pays for college education of people

applied research for business + agriculture (state schools)

government research projects

achieved after 7 years probation (teaching, scholarship, professionalism)

cannot be fired without explanation, serious + compelling reasons

-Catholics

why? because sociologists thought that religion was was an essential social institution that needed to be studied 

Religion: Durkheim 

Definition?

Purpose?

Religion = "thinly disguised worship or society"

Purpose: creating + maintaining social solidarity.

(all religions reflect the cultural concerns of societies. Society is becoming more secular - look at things more empirically)

1. gives meaning to human existence

2. explains the otherwise inexplainable

3. its rituals consecrate life events

4. provides social solidarity + a sense of community

5. Provides social control

Religion: Marx

Definition + purpose?

Religion = "opiate of the people"

gives false sense of society + produces false consciousness 

Allowed dominate groups to control, by scaring subordinates into line

belief in religion is a form of alienation through which people lose control over their world

-religion is socially-created (man created god)

-religion is a central institution in society

-religious beliefs are essential to any culture (religion merits scientific inquiry) 

Church: institutionalized, traditional, bureaucratic, tolerant, established membership. Can be either Ecclesia (state-sponsored) or denomninational

Sect-like groups: loosely organized, charismatic, informal, intolerant, alienated

divided into sects (splinter group - break off ecclesia or denominational) + cults (grass roots - no formal ties to church)

ALL of world's major religions, except judaism, began as cults 

social class

political orientation

attitudes towards other groups

Upper: Episcopalian, congregationalist, unitarian

middle: Presbyterians, Jews, methodists, Mormons

Poverty: Catholics + baptists 

set of institutionalized rituals, beliefs, symbols sacred to nation

-close ties between americanism/patriotism + catholicism 

-politicians manipulate people by representing god

pledge of allegiance, tomb of unknown soldier, national anthem, etc

bible = historic + prophetic authority + provides complete guide for life

upsurge in islam

movements of prophecy + cataclysmic upheaval in future - "end is near"

ex: apocalypse: end of world, second coming of Christ

ex: ghost dance: remove white men from earth, end of world

ex: evangelicals: predict rapture (only believers saved from tribulations that will announce Christ's second coming) apocalypse. only elect saved 

Beliefs of Right Wing Political Agenda

AKA: Sarah Crazy Palin

Abortion: no (except to save mother's life)

adoption: yes, only for straight people

affirmative action: no

evolution: no (unless "intelligent design" taught)

flag burning: no

gay rights: limited

gun control: no

immigration restrictions: yes (illegal aliens steal jobs)

school prayer: yes

school vouchers: yes (public school = failure)

war: yes (god's will)

women's rights: limited (men = head of household)

people attribute religious beliefs to Moses + Jesus

misrepresentation of figures for political agenda

1. loss of confidence in traditional religious institutions

2. erosion in legitimacy of other institutions, such as economics + politics 

3. alienation from impersonal + bureaucratic communities that fail to provide essential primary relationships 

matrilocal societies

Unlike Christianity, Judaism, and Islam...

Hindu religion: