Term
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Definition
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Term
| The moral absolutist approach |
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Definition
deviance = based on belief that there are universal standards that apply to all people
deviance = sin |
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Term
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Definition
Muslim moral absolutist
Iran/Iraq war 1980's ~ sent men to war to kill Iraqis, whoever was connected to Sha of Iran was killed |
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Definition
Muslim moral absolutist
Al Queda ~ 2001 -> America = Evil |
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Definition
Communist moral absolutist
russian purges: 1930's-1950's
Invade poland, surplus without taxation to buy railroad equipment. Purged generals. |
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Definition
Communist moral absolutists
China~ red guards ~ 1960's
Red guards killed killed and imprisoned people that were thought to be a capitalist |
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Definition
paris and cambodia
1970's
killing fields, absolute self-sufficiency led to famine and genocide |
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Term
| Examples of fascist moral absolutists |
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Definition
nazis during halocaust during 1940's
japanese during asian halocaust in 1940's |
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Term
| Examples of Christian moral absolutists |
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Definition
inquisition
western europe and puritans' witch hunts
serbians - muslim ethnic cleansing
US fundamentalists - catholics/jews/liberals/gays 1600+ |
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Term
| Dominicans - Kramer and Sprenger |
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Definition
manual on how to identify witches
1490 |
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Term
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Definition
900
Stated that witchcraft does not exist |
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Term
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Definition
1326
Super illius specula
witchcraft is real and sinful |
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Term
| Papal Bull of Innocent VII |
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Definition
1884
lose land, be killed, if do not follow inquisition |
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Term
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Definition
Malevolent -> satan
susceptible individuals = women and children
because of MALLEUS MALEFICARIUM ( women are less intelligent, naive and gullible, more sexually driven)
witch hunts were to control women
~satan takes many shapes (ex: sexy men) |
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Term
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Definition
"if it's not harmful, then it shouldn't be a law"
legalists: distinguish between laws and morals
crime = act that violates criminal law
criminal law = system of norms that are backed by power and authority of state
DEVIANCE = immoral (mores) or illegal actions (punishable by government) |
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Term
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Definition
-Cultural relativism: behav cannot be understood outside of context
ex: community standards, level of social disruption, and rank/status of deviant
DEVIANCE = norm violating behavior
ex: walking on campus naked
must understand conformity before can understand deviance |
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Term
| Social norms = rules for behavior that vary... |
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Definition
1. Social context
2. nature of relationship and status
3. according to other norms that are also operant
4. on a continuum ranging from extreme under-conformity or over-conformity |
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Term
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Definition
Extreme overconformity
----------------------
Slight over-conformity
ideal (ex: mensch)
slight under-conformity
-----------------------
Extreme underconformity |
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Term
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Definition
Norms
-informal: folkways and mores
-formal: policies and laws
ex: (civil (peoples' property and intrusion), administrative (ex: drivers lisence), criminal (threatens The People)
Sanctions
-Informal: punching, pat on back
-Formal: prison, promotion, etc |
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Term
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Definition
1. Cognition
2. Affect (feelings/emotions)
3. Behavior (overt actions)
Social control is most effective at cognitive level |
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Term
| Functionalists' view of deviance |
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Definition
-Deviance is sociologically normal
-Ubiquitous: found in all societies
-clarifies moral boundaries and enhances group solidarity
-rate (amount)and patterns (types) of deviance that is normal is a function of culture and social structure
-rapid changing societies -> anomie (normlessness) |
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Term
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Definition
-person that believes god tells people what they need to know. no middle man
-Hutchinson and Williams ~ questioned puritans
-puritans invited quakers to travel/preech with them
Quakers = brothers/sisters in christ... then = agents of satan |
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Term
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Definition
Functionalist
wrote "social structure and anomie"
normlessness is due to....
1. Emphasis on worldly success (materialism)
2. myth of equal opportunity (rich don't care about poor)
3. reality of inequality |
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Term
| 5 modes of adaptation to structured strain |
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Definition
1. Conformity - seeks success legally
2. innovation - cut corners to succeed
3. ritualism - don't care about success, but follow law. except minimum
4. retreatism - don't care about anything (ex: drug addict)
5. rebellion - reject success, reject norms (threat to order) |
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Term
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Definition
Interactionist
deviance is learned through DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION (socialization) |
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Term
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Definition
Interactionist
Individual is labeled as deviant by LABELING THEORY (symbolic interaction and conflict) |
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Term
| Primary deviation v.s. secondary deviation |
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Definition
Lemert
Primary deviation: violation of any rule
-individual problems, biological issue, socialization
SOCIETAL ACTION MUST BE...
-swift, certain, and proportionate
IF NOT...
-overreact, not proprortionate reaction (huge punishment, out of line - increases deviant behavior - "drift")
SECONDARY DEVIATION: hardcore deviance
-morally inferior status
-special knowledge and skills
ex: drunk, whore
-emotional dependency, subcultural reinforcement, societal reaction |
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Term
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Definition
Conflict theorists
-class conflict creates deviance
-people in power control legal system, use it to their advantage. what is deviant and how is it punished? |
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Term
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Definition
Conflict theorist
-Moral entrepreneurs manipulate sumbols and political system to push moral agenda
ex: prohibition of alcohol and marijuana
HENRY ANSLINGER: head of DEA, prohibited alcohol and drugs
-campaign against weed |
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Term
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Definition
| ((# of part I index offences)/Population) *100,000 |
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Term
| When police in a community do a better job, crime rate... |
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Definition
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Term
| In crime rate, attrition occurs... |
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Definition
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Term
| out of 100 incidents, how many result in arrest? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many serious offenses are reported? |
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Definition
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Term
| out of 100 incidents, how many result in arraignment? |
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Definition
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Term
| If there is an arraignment, what % results in conviction? |
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Definition
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Term
| Plea bargaining - What is it? Why do people do it? What % of convictions result in plea bargain? |
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Definition
-a deal between prosecutors and defendant to drop charges
-sometimes overcharge defendant so that they will accept plea bargain
75% of convictions in part I crimes are direct result of plea bargaining |
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Term
| 4 basic types of bargains |
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Definition
1. some or all charges dropped
2. charges are reduced
3. sentences are reduced
4. sentences are served concurrently, rather than consecutively |
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Term
| As crime rate decreases, rate of imprisonment... |
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Definition
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Term
| African Americans and Hispanics are ________ imprisoned. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| maintains that prisons do not rehabilitate criminals, but do not provide excellent training grounds for career criminals |
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Term
| 3 categories of Juvenile Delinquency |
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Definition
1. Youthful Offenders - age 7-17, commit offenses would be tried in criminal court, if adult
2. Status Offenders - young people who commit specific acts that are prohibited by juvenile code
3. Abused/Neglected children - Under 17 |
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Term
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Definition
age 7-17
commit offenses that would be tried in criminal court, if adult |
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Term
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Definition
| young people who commit specific acts that are prohibited by juvenile code |
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Term
| Institutionalized inequality |
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Definition
| people ranked into hierarchy in which valued resources are unequally distributed |
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Term
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Definition
systems dominated by a propertied elite
divided into legally prescribed, church-sanctioned categories (clergy, nobility, commoners) |
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Term
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Definition
| based on ascription (ie pre-colonial india) |
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Term
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Definition
| involves mixture of ascription and achievement (ie modern US) |
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Term
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Definition
ranking related to relationship of mean of production
-Bourgeois: owners, class conscious (aware of place in society)
-Proletariats (workers) - false conscious |
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Term
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Definition
ranking in class structure is determined by one's life chances in terms of access to resources
class (economics)
power (political)
status (prestige) |
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Term
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Definition
WEBER
class (economic)
Power (political)
Status (prestige) |
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Term
| Status consistency vs inconsistence |
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Definition
consistency: occurs in class systems
inconsistent: status does not fit
ex: newly riche |
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Term
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Definition
"middle-class bias"
-people misidentify their class
reputational: informal judgments
occupational status: status -> prestige |
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Term
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Definition
occupation
education
income (and wealth) - very hard to determine |
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Term
| What percent of population is peasants in feudal society? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
clergy, nobility, commoners
artistans
uncleanly
expendables -> prisoners |
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Term
| What % of people makes $500,000-400 million? |
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Definition
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Term
| When the middle class loses, the top and lower.... |
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Definition
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Term
| Actual min. wage v.s. adjusted min wage |
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Definition
actual: $7.25
adjusted: $10.35
----if according to CPI (consumer product index) |
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Term
| Family of 4 needs to make how much, in order to be considered poor? |
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Definition
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Term
| Poverty rate should be how many times the cost of food? |
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Definition
| 3 times cost of food = poverty rate |
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Term
| Nouveaux riches v.s. old money (patricians) |
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Definition
"old money" (patricians) - largely invisible to public, 1% of pop.
"Nouveaux Riches" (newly rich) - engage in conspicuous consumption to advertise wealth |
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Term
| 5 characteristics of Power Elite |
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Definition
MILLS
1. comprise the .5% of pop. that occupies command positions
2. WASPS (white anglo-saxon protestants) - 40% population, middle class
3. children attend elite schools
4. similar values and lifestyles and careers
5. careers are interchangeable + values + interests coincide |
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Term
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Definition
DURKHEIM
social stratisfication is INEVITABLE AND NECESSARY to match scarce talents with societal needs |
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Term
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Definition
MARX
Stratification systems arise from conquest, protext + promote elite interests and are DIVISIVE AND DESTRUCTIVE
--class is based on one's relationship to means of production |
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Term
| Synthetic or multidimensional |
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Definition
WEBER
any society's stratification system is a functional of its subsistence strategy (can be functional and fair and dysfunctional and exploitive)
class differences are based on difference in LIFE CHANCES and related lifestyles |
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Term
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Definition
| distribution within society of opportunities of health, survival, and happiness |
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Term
| Relative vs absolute measure of poverty |
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Definition
Relative: indicators of poverty based on proportion of household income
4 people--- $25,000 (20% of americans are poor)
Absolute: indicators of poverty based on fixed $ cutoff point (ORSHARIKY INDEX)
$22,050 cutoff, 12% americans poor |
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Term
| What proportion of american households have no assets |
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Definition
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Term
| Racial and ethnic minorities are ______ poor. why? |
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Definition
disproportionately
-more white people than minorities. 2/3 poor = white, 10% white people = poor |
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Term
| What proportion of poor are children? |
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Definition
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Term
| ___% of poor households have at least 1 worker in family |
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Definition
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Term
| Functionalists - causes of poverty |
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Definition
| impact that technological innovation + automation have on unemployment |
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Term
| Conflict theorists - causes of poverty? |
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Definition
emphasize class difference
-exploitation in capitalist society |
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Term
| Interactionists - causes of poverty? |
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Definition
| culture of poverty, beliefs, etc. cause pessimism |
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Term
| Deindustrialization -> unemployment -> culture of poverty -> behavior (self-defeating, sense of false hope) |
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Definition
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Term
| How can we decrease poverty? |
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Definition
provide more opportunities
chance of employment changes behav. + values |
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Term
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Definition
| economic inequality increases nationally and globally |
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Term
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Definition
rich (core) nations, such as UK, US, Western Europe, Canada, Japan, AUS, NZ
15% of world's population
TERTIARY PRODUCTION |
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Term
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Definition
Peripheral nations of Latin america, Africa, ASia
55% of world's population
PRIMARY PRODUCTION: fishing, mining, etc |
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Term
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Definition
Semi-peripheral
Russia, Soviet Union, China
30% of population
PRIMARY, SECONDARY PRODUCTION: manufacturing, collecting resources |
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Term
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Definition
| development is a natural process of social + economic differentiation that moves from simple to complex institutions + from primary -> secondary -> tertiary production |
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Term
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Definition
| US, Japan, Rich + powerful |
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Term
| Semi-peripheral societies |
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Definition
Argentina, Finland, Southern korea
World's middle class |
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Term
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Definition
Brazil, uganda, poor + working
highly dependent on core societies, cheap labor |
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Term
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Definition
| first world prosperity is based upon 3rd world poverty |
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Term
| 4 characteristics of minority group |
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Definition
1. subordinate in power to majority
2. distinguished on basis of physical or cultural characteristics
3. collectively regarded as different and inferior (prejudice)
4. have fewer rights + priviledges + poorer life chances (discrimination) |
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Term
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Definition
| socially-constructed category |
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Term
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Definition
ideology that justifies the domination and exploitation by one racial group over another that is viewed as inferior
ex: apartide in south africa -> dutch reformers took over SA, because thought that white man was created first. |
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Term
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Definition
group of people that share common cultural heritage, possess sense of group identity, and belongingness
SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION |
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Term
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Definition
| don't speak language, but have pride |
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Term
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Definition
| attitude of hostility or rejection held about a group or category that is considered different and inferior |
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Term
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Definition
learned
involves contact w/ prejudiced people
often unconscious
mutual
satisfying (elevate self esteem by putting others down) |
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Term
| Individual discrimination vs institutionalized discrimination |
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Definition
individual: prejudiced people act out prejudice
institutionalized: inequalities that are built into system |
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Term
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Definition
-Prejudiced discriminator: prejudice, always discriminates (ALL-WEATHER BIGOT)
-Unprejudiced nondiscriminator: never prejudice, never discriminate (ALL-WEATHER LIBERAL)
-prejudice nondiscriminator: prejudice, only discriminate when convenient (FAIR-WEATHER BIGOT)
-Unprejudice discriminator: not prejudice, but afraid to stand up for beliefs. social chameleons. (FAIR-WEATHER LIBERALS) |
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Term
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Definition
| prejudice, always discriminates (ALL-WEATHER BIGOT) |
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Term
| Unprejudiced nondiscriminator |
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Definition
| never prejudice, never discriminate (ALL-WEATHER LIBERAL) |
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Term
| Prejudice nondiscriminator |
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Definition
| prejudice, only discriminate when convenient (FAIR-WEATHER BIGOT) |
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Term
| Unprejudice discriminator |
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Definition
| not prejudice, but afraid to stand up for beliefs. social chameleons. (FAIR-WEATHER LIBERALS) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Unprejudice discriminator |
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Definition
| not prejudice, but afraid to stand up for beliefs. social chameleons. (FAIR-WEATHER LIBERALS) |
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Term
| Anglo conformity assimilation |
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Definition
a+b+c = a'
more diverse society, but based on WASP model |
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Term
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Definition
a+b+c=a+b+c
liberal culturalism, diversity maintained, share common culture
need to speak English though |
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Term
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Definition
a/b/c=A/B/C
radical multiculturalism, separate but equal groups |
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Term
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Definition
african american sit in separate cards on railroads
separate but equal |
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Term
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Definition
| forbids discrimination in public accommodations on basis of race, religion, origin, or sex |
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Term
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Definition
| policies and programs designed to combat those types of institutional discrimination that were not clearly addressed by civil rights act of 1964 |
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Term
| 4 types of affirmative action |
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Definition
1. advertising vacancies: equal opportunity to apply
2. compensatory admissions: if there is an admissions test, all must take it
3. goals, targets, "soft quotas": applicants' qualifications
---legal, need to meet certain quota for race, age, gender, etc.
4. Hard quotas: minorities, protected class |
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Term
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Definition
-hard quotas/reverse discrimination declared unconstitutional by US supreme court
Bakke had better grades and Mcat scores than others, but was denied admission, because of age discrimination |
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Term
| One of Emile Durkheim's more important insights was that deviance... |
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Definition
| produces social solidarity |
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Term
| The public stoning, described in the text, that took place in Afghanistan in 1996 is an example of Durkheim's point that... |
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Definition
| violation of laws that have the death sentence as their sanction is actually an indirect form of altruistic suicide. |
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Term
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Definition
| People who organize a social movement to reform how a behavior is perceived and dealt with by society |
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Term
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Definition
| IQ (intelligence) is determined significantly by genetics and that criminality is determined by IQ |
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Term
| medicalization of deviance |
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Definition
| explanation of deviant behavior that interprets deviance as the result of individual pathology |
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Term
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Definition
| condition that exists when social regulations break down in a society so that people exist in a state of relative "normlessness" |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when people feel detached from society |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals and groups are brought into conformity with the dominant values and expectations of a culture |
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Term
| Differential association theory |
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Definition
SUTHERLAND
theory that interprets deviance as behavior one learns through interaction with others |
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Term
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Definition
Lemert
definition a person has of him/herself as a deviant |
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Term
| Which sociological perspective helps to explain crime by noting that crime clarifies and defines society's norms? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which sociological theory of deviance states that crime is behavior that is learned through social interaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which sociological perspective on deviance states that labeling criminals tends to reinforce rather than deter crime? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which sociological perspective on deviance claims that inequalities in society by race, class, gender and other forces tends to produce criminal activity? |
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Definition
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Term
| The FBI's Uniform Crime Reports stresses what it calls... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| riminal activities by persons of high social status who commit their crimes in the context of their occupation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Crime committed by organized groups, typically involving the provision of illegal goods and services to others |
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Term
| Corporate crime cost the American public about $ ______ billion annually |
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Definition
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Term
| Studies of police brutality show that... |
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Definition
| showing a disrespectful attitude is just as likely to generate police brutality as posing a serious bodily threat to the police. |
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Term
| __% of male prisoners serving time in state and federal prisons are minorities |
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Definition
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Term
| The system of apartheid in South Africa was a stark example of a(n) __________ system. |
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Definition
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Term
| Max Weber analyzed the connections between: |
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Definition
| economic, social, and political dimensions of stratification. |
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Term
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Definition
Sennett & Cobbs
When the dominant culture projects the notion that people in the upper classes have more ability, it makes the entire class system seem legitimate even as it robs those in the working and lower classes of dignity. |
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Term
| The collapse of the Soviet Union and the change in the governments of Eastern Europe has led to: |
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Definition
| the disappearance of almost all second world countries. |
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Term
| the poorest countries in the world have more than ____ percent of the world population. |
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Definition
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Term
| The economic advisor to President Kennedy in the 1960's who first pointed out the role of technological and economic development in the modernization process was... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| form of international control of poor countries by rich countries by means of direct economic involvement |
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Term
| authoritarian personality |
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Definition
| characterized by a tendency to rigidly categorize other people, to rigidly conform, and be intolerant of ambiguity |
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Term
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Definition
| class and changes in the economic structure are more important than race in shaping the life changes of different groups, although they both are important |
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Term
| Slavery evolved as a(n) __________ system in which Whites benefited at the expense of slaves |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| different groups in society maintaining their distinctive cultures while also co-existing peacefully with the dominant group |
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Term
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Definition
| described the condition of U.S. Blacks as an internal colony |
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Term
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Definition
crime in the form of mob activity
organized and engaged in by the government |
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Term
| nearly __% of arrested black youths are imprisoned |
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Definition
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Term
| the total cost to the nation of keeping people behind bars is approximately _____ billion |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| supreme court gave women the right to choose to have an abortion under specific federal guidelines |
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Term
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Definition
racism that can be subtle, covert, and nonobvious
ex: whites that avoid latinos |
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Term
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Definition
racism that can be subtle, covert, and nonobvious
ex: whites that avoid latinos |
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