Term
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Definition
| any transgression of socially established norms. |
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Term
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Definition
| the violation of laws enacted by society |
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Definition
| social bonds; how well people relate to each other and get along on a day-to-dau basis. |
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| mechanical/(segmental) solidarity |
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Definition
| social cohesion based on sameness |
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Definition
| social cohesion based on differences and interdependence of the parts. |
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Definition
| those mechanisms that create normative compliance in individuals |
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Definition
| mechanisms of social control by which rules or laws prohibit deviant criminal behavior |
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Term
| informal social sanctions |
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Definition
| the usually unexpressed but widely known rules of group membership, the unspoken rules of social life. |
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Definition
| how well you are integrated into your social group or community |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of rules guiding your daily life and, more specifically, what you can reasonably expect from the world on a day-to-day basis. |
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Definition
| suicide that occurs when one is not well integrated into a social group |
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Term
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Definition
| suicide that occurs when one is not well integrated into a social group |
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Definition
| suicide that occurs when one experiences too much social integration |
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Term
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Definition
| a sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonably expect life to be predictable; too little social regulation. |
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Definition
| suicide that occurs as a result of too little social regulation |
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Term
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Definition
| suicide that occurs as a result of too much social regulation |
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Term
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Definition
| Merton's theory that deviance occurs when a society does not give all its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals |
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Term
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Definition
| individual who accepts both the goals and the strategies to achieve them that are considered socially acceptable |
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Term
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Definition
| individual who rejects socially defined goals in order to live within his or her own means |
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Term
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Definition
| social deviant who accepts socially acceptable goals but rejects socially acceptable means to achieve them. |
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Term
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Definition
| one who rejects both socially acceptable means and goals by completly retreating from, or not participating in, society. |
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Definition
| individual who rejects socially acceptable goals and means but wants to alter or destroy the social institutions from which he or she is alienated. |
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Definition
| a microlevel theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind people's actions. |
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Term
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Definition
| the belief that individuals subconsiously notice how others see or label them, and their reactions to those labels, over time, form the basis of their self-identity. |
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Term
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Definition
| the first act of rule-breaking that may incur a label of "deviant" and thus influence how people think about and act toward you. |
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Term
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Definition
| subsequent acts of rule-breaking that occur after primary deviance and as a result of your new deviant label and people's expectations of you |
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Term
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Definition
| a negative social label that not only changes your behavior toward a person but also alters that person's own self-concept and social identity |
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Term
| broken windows theory of deviance |
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Definition
| theory explaining how social context and social cues impact whether individuals act deviantly: specifically, whether local, informal social norms allow deviant acts. |
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Term
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Definition
| crime committed in public and often associated with violence, gangs, and poverty |
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Definition
| offense committed by a professional (or professionals) against a corporation, agency, or other instition. |
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Term
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Definition
| a particular type of white-collar crime committed by the officers (CEOs and other executives) of a corporation |
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Definition
| philosophy of criminal justice arising from the notion that crime results from a rational calculation of its costs and benefits. |
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Term
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Definition
| when an individual who has been involved with the criminal justice system reverts back to criminal behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| an institution in which one is totally immersed and that controls all the basics of day-to-day life; no barries exist between the usual spheres of daily life, and all activity occurs in the same place and under the same single authority |
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Term
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Definition
| a circular building composed of an inner ring and an outer ring designed to serve as a prison in which the detainees can always be seen and the observer, housed in the inner ring, is hidden from those being observed |
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Term
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Definition
| structured social inequality or, more specifically, systematic inequalities between groups of people that arise as intended or unintended consequences of social processes and relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition whereby no differences in wealth, power, prestige, or status based on nonnatural conventions exist. |
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Term
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Definition
| a two-directional relationship, one that goes both ways |
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Term
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Definition
| the notion that everyone is created equal in the eyes of God. |
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Definition
| the idea that inequality of condition is acceptable so long as the rules of the game, so to speak, remain fair. |
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Definition
| a society of commerce (modern capitalist society, for example) in which the maximization of profit is the primary business incentive. |
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Term
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Definition
| (conflict view) argues that there are 2 forms of inequality: Physical/Natural & Social/Political |
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Term
| Physical/Natural inequality |
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Definition
| related to our level of physical ability, health, age, ect. |
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Term
| Social/Political inequality |
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Definition
| privleges enjoyed by some people that others do not like wealth power or respect |
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Term
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Definition
| (functionalist/structuralist view) inequality is good (or at least necessary); related to people having more than needed (at the expense of others having less than they need); necessary for keeping the population in check |
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Term
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Definition
| inequality works as a part of the master-slave dialectic both are dependent on the other in one way or another |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that everyone should have an equal starting point |
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Term
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Definition
| a position that argues each player must end up with the same amount regardless of the fairness of the "game" |
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Term
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Definition
| the notion that when more than one person is responsible for getting something done, the incentive is for each indiviual to shirk responsibility and hope others will pull the extra weight |
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Term
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Definition
| politically based system of stratification characterized by limited social mobility |
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Term
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Definition
| religion-based system of stratification characterized by no social mobility |
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Term
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Definition
| economically based system of stratification characterized by relative categorization and somewhat loose social mobility |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| contradictory class locations |
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Definition
| the idea that people can occupy locations in the class structure which fall between the two "pure" clases |
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Term
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Definition
| a system of stratification based on social prestige |
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Term
| elite-mass dichotomy system |
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Definition
| system of stratification that has a gonverning elite, a few leaders who broadly hold the power of society |
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Term
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Definition
| a society where status and mobility are based on individual attributes, ability, and achievement |
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Term
| socioeconomic status (SES) |
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Definition
| an individual's position in a stratified social order |
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Term
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Definition
| money received by a person for work or from returns on investments |
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Term
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Definition
| a family's or individual's net worth (that is, total assets minus total debts) |
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Term
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Definition
| a term for the economic elite |
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Term
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Definition
| a term commonly used to describe those individuals with nonmanual jobs that pay significantly more than the poverty line-though this is a highly debated and expansive category, particularly in the United States, where broad swatches of the population consider themselves middle class |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement between different positions within a system of social stratification in any given society |
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Definition
| mobility that is inevitable from changes in the economy |
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Term
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Definition
| approach that ranks individuals by socioeconmic status, including income and educational attainment, and seeks to specify the attributes characteristic of people who end up in more desirable occupations |
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Term
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Definition
| argues that elite-mass dichotomy can be positive for society if we allow those who are the most capable to run it (meritocracy) |
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Term
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Definition
| argues that power has thus become too centralized with certain institutions shaping social life (the power-elite) |
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Term
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Definition
| economic institutions (a few hundred large corporations; political order (highly centralized federal government); military order (large expensive features of a government) |
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Term
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Definition
| the removal of a woman's sexually sensitive clitoris |
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Term
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Definition
| an intellectual conscioulsness-raising movement to get people to understand that gener is and organizing principle of life. The underlying belief is that women and men should be accorded equal opportunities and respect |
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Term
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Definition
| the biological differences that distinguish male from female |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to desire, sexual preference, sexual identity, and behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| denotes a social position, the set of social arrangements, that are built around sex categories |
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Term
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Definition
| line of thought that explains social phenomena in terms of natural ones |
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Term
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Definition
| a line of thought that explains social behavior in terms of biological givens |
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Term
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Definition
| dominant and privileged if invisible, category of men |
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Term
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Definition
| sets of behaviorl norms assumed to accompany one's status as a male or female |
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Term
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Definition
| a nearly univeral system involving the subordination of femininity to masculinity |
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Term
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Definition
| theoretical tradition claiming that every society has certain structures (the family, the division of labor, or gender) which exist in order to fulfill some set of functions (reproduction of the species, production of goods, ect.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Talcott Parsons' theory that men and women perform their sex roles as breadwinners and wives/mothers, repectively because the nuclear family is the ideal arrangement in modern societies, fulfilling the function of reproducing workers. |
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Term
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Definition
| the social identity of a person who has sexual attraction to and/or relations with other persons of the same sex |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when a person's sex or gender is the basis for judgment, discrimination, and hatred against him or her. |
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Term
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Definition
| an illegal form of discrimination, involving everything from inappropriate jokes on the job to outright sexual assault to sexual "barter"-intended to make women feel uncomfortable and unwelcome, particularly on the job |
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Term
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Definition
| an invisible limit on women's climb up the occupational ladder |
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Term
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Definition
| the promotional ride men take to the top of a work organization, especially feminized jobs. |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of people who share a set of characteristics-typically, but not always, physical ones-and are said to share a common bloodline |
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Term
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Definition
| the belief that members of separate races possess different and unequal traits |
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Term
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Definition
| nineteenth-century theories of race that characterize a period of feverish investigation into the origins, explanations, and classifications of race |
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Term
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Definition
| the belief that one's own culture or group is superior to others and the tendency to view all other cultures from the perspective of one's own. |
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Term
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Definition
| the application of Darwinian ideas to society, namely, the evolutionary "survival of the fittest" |
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Term
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Definition
| literally meaning "well born," the theory of controllin gthe fertility of populations to influence inheritable traits passed on from generation to generation |
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Term
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Definition
| movement to protect and preserve indigenous land or culture from the so-called dangerous and polluting effects of new immigrants. |
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Term
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Definition
| the belief that "one drop" of black blood makes a person black, a concept that evolved from U.S. laws forbidding miscegenation |
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Term
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Definition
| the technical term for multiracial marriage; literally meaning "a mixing of kinds," it is politcally and historically charged-sociologists generally prefer exogamy or outmarriage |
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Term
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Definition
| the formation of a new racial identity, in which new ideological boundaries of difference are drawn around a formerly unnoticed group of people |
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Term
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Definition
| one's ethnic quality or affiliation. It is voluntary, self-defined, nonhierarchal, fluid, and multiple, and based on cultural differences, not physical ones per se. |
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Term
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Definition
| a nationality, not in the sense of carrying the rights and duties of citizenship but identifying with a past or future nationality. For later generations of white ethnics, something not constraining but easily expressed, with no risks of stigma and all the pleasures of feeling like an individual |
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Term
| straight-line assimilation |
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Definition
| Robert Parks' 1920 universal and linear model for how immigrants assimilate: first they arrive, then settle in, and achieve full assimilation in a newly homogenous country. |
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Term
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Definition
| Clifford Geertz's term to explain the persistence of ethnic ties because they are fixed in deeply felt or primordial ties to one's homeland culture. |
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Term
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Definition
| the presence and engaged coexistence of numerous distinct groups in one society |
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Term
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Definition
| the legal or social practice of separating people on the basis of their race or ethnicity |
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Term
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Definition
| the mass killing of a group of people |
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Term
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Definition
| describes a subordinate, oppressed group of people. |
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Term
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Definition
| an organized effort to change a power hierarchy on the part of a less-powerful group in a society |
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Term
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Definition
| thoughts and feelings about an ethnic or racial group |
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Term
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Definition
| harmful or negative acts (not mere thoughts) against people deemed inferior on the basis of their racial cetegory without regard to their individual merit |
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Term
| Race in America today from largest group to smallest: |
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Definition
| White, Black, Hispanic, Asian, two or more races, some other race, Native Hawaiian |
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Term
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Definition
| the argument that poor people adopt certain practices that differ from those of middle-class, "mainstream" society in order to adapt and survive in difficult economic circumstances |
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Term
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Definition
| the notion, building on the culture of poverty argument, that the poor not only are different from mainstream society in their inability to take advantage of what mainstream society has to offer but also are increasingly deviant and even dangerous to the rest of us |
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Term
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Definition
| reward structures that lead to suboptimal outcomes by stimulating counterproductive behavior; for example, welfare-to the extent that it discourages work efforts-is argued to have perverse incentives |
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Term
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Definition
| the point at which a household's income falls below the necessary level to purchase food to physically sustain its members |
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Term
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Definition
| a measurment of poverty based on a percentage of the median income in a given location |
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Term
| parenting stress hypothesis |
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Definition
| a paradigm in which the psychological aspects of poverty exacerbate household stres levels; this stress, in turn, leads to detrimental parenting practices such as yelling, shouting, and hitting, which are not conductive to healthy child development |
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Term
| Comparison of poverty rates of various contries: |
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Definition
| U.S. - 17%; Australia - 12.4%; Canada - 12%; Germany - 11%; Sweden - 5.3% |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which problems or issues not traditionally seen as medical come to be framed as such |
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Term
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Definition
| concept desribing the social rights and obligations of a sick individual |
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Term
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Definition
| illness in a general sense |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Infant mortality per 1000 births: |
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Definition
| Whites - 5.8; Blacks - 13.6; Asian/Pacific Islander - 4.9 |
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Term
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Definition
| the relationship between lower income and higher morbidity is false or not really causal. may be explained by genetics or biology that affect both health and SES |
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Term
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Definition
| asserts that reverse causality exists, that health causes social position. If you don't have good health, you may not be able to work, so higher morbidity would result in lower SES |
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Term
| social determinants theory |
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Definition
| social status position determines health. Being of lower income level or SES causes higher morbidity and lower general health. |
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Term
| psychosocial interpretation |
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Definition
| focuses on individuals' social class status relative to that of those around them. Feelings of inadequacy, low worth, and stigma cause people stress and wear down their bodies |
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Term
| materialist interpretation |
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Definition
| the differential access to a healthy life-including all monetary, psychological, and environmental risk factors-is a result of socioeconomic factors |
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Term
| fundamental causes interpretation |
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Definition
| focuses on examining how social factors shape illness and health to understand the pervasive link between SES and health |
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