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| a theoretical perspectie in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another. |
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| a group whose values, beliefs, norms, and related behaviors place its members in opposition to the broader culture. |
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narrow sense: tools.
broad sense: the skills or procedures necessary to make and use those tools. |
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| group memberships that people have because of their location in history and society. |
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| the use of sociology to solve problems - from the micro level of classroom interaction and family relationships to the macro level of crime and pollution. |
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a theoretical framework in whic society is viewed as composed of various parts, each with a funtion that, when fulfilled, contributes to society's equilibrium.
also known as: functionalism; structural functionalism. |
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| the process by which cultures become similar to one another; refers especially to the process by which Western Culture is being exported and diffused into other nations. |
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| not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms. |
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a group's ways of thinking (beliefs, values, and other assumptions about the world) and doing (common patterns of behavior, including language, and other interactions).
also known as: symbolic culture. |
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| the material objects that distinguis a group of people, such as art, buildings, weapons, utensils, machines, hairstyles, clothing, and jewelry. |
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| language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and material objects that characterize a group and are passed from one generation to the next. |
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| value neutrality in research. |
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sociological research for the purpose of making discoeries about life in human groups, not for making changes in those groups.
also known as: pure sociology. |
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| the way in which a researcher measures a variable. |
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| disorientation that people experience when they ome in contact with a fundamentally different culture and can no longer depend on their taken-for-granted assumptions about life. |
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| duplicating some research in order to test its findings. |
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| the view that a sociologists personal values or biases should not influence social research. |
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| ways of observing people so they do not know they are being studied. |
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| a factor in an experiement that is changed by an independent variable. |
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| a factor that causes a change in another variable, called the dependent variable |
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| the subjects in an experiment who are not exposed to tehe independent variable. |
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| the group of subjects in an experiment who are exposed to the independent variable. |
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| a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for scarce resources. |
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| sociology being used for the public good; especially the sociological perspectie (of how things are relate to one another) guiding politicians and policy makers. |
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| marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production. |
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| marx's term fo capitalists, those who own the means of production. |
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| the application of the scientific method to the social world. |
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| people who share a culture and a territory. |
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| ogburn's ter for human behavior lagging behind technological innovations. |
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| the emerging technologies of an era that have a significant impact on social life. |
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| the norms and values that people actually follow, as opposed to ideal cultures. |
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| a people's ideal values and norms; the goals held out for them. |
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| values contradict one another; to follow the one means to come into conflict with the other. |
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| values that together form a larger whole. |
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| a society made up of many different groups. |
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| a norm so strong that it often brings revulsion if violated. |
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| norms that are not strictly enforced. |
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| an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild informal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a prison sentence to execution. |
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| a reward or positive reaction fo rfollowing norms, ranging from a smile to a material reward. |
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| either expressions of approval given to people for upholding norms or expressions of disapproval for violating them. |
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| what is expected of people; the expectations or rules intended to guide people's behavior. |
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| language creates ways of thinking and percieving. |
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| the ways in which people use their bodies to communicate with one another. |
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| something to which people attach meanings and then use to communicate with others. |
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| the application of systematic methods to obtain knowledge and the knowledge obtained by those methods. |
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| a factor thought to be significant for human behavior, which can vary or change from one case to another. |
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| the use of one's own culture as a yardstick for judging the ways of other individuals or societies, generally leading to a negative evaluation of their values, norms, and behaviors. |
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| the standards by which people define what is desirabele or undesirable, good or bad, and beautiful or ugle. |
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| the use of control and experimental groups and dependent and independent variables to test causation. |
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| written sources that provide data. |
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| the analysis of data that have been collected by other researchers. |
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| an intensive analysis of a single event, situation, or individual. |
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participating in a research setting in order to observe what is happening in that setting.
also known as: fieldwork. |
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| a feeling of trust between researchers and the peope they are studying. |
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| questions that respondents answer in their own words. |
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| questions that are followed by a list of possible answers to be selected by the respondent. |
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| people who respond to a survey, either in interviews or by self-administered questionnaires. |
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| what peopel do when they are in one another's presence. |
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| an examination of small-scalre patterns of society. |
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| a sample from selected subgroups of the target population in which eeryone in those subgroups has ane qual chance of being included in the research. |
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| a smaple in which eceryone in the target population has the same chance of being included in the study. |
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| a target group to be studied. |
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| communication without words through gestures, use of space, silence, and so on. |
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| an examination of large-scale patterns of society. |
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the degree to which members of a group or society are united by shared norms, values, behaviors, and other social bonds.
also known as: social cohesion. |
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| marx's term for the struggle between capitalists and workers. |
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| the scientific study of society and human behavior. |
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| the spread of cultural trainst from one group to another; includes both material and nonmaterial cultural traits. |
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| the values and related behaviors of a group that distinguish its members form the larger culture; a world within a world. |
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| another term for nonmaterial culture. |
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| a system of symbosl that can be combined in an infinite number of ways and can represent not only objects but abstract thoughts. |
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| understanding human behavior by placing it within its broader social context. |
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| the extent to which an operational definition measures what is intended to measure. |
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| a statement of how variables are expected to be related to one another, often according to predictions from a theory. |
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| the use of objective, systematic observations to test theories. |
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| the individuals intended to represent the population to be studied. |
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| the collection of data by having people answer a series of questions. |
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one of six procedures that sociologists use to collect data: surveys, participant observation, secondary analysis, documents, experiments, and unobtrusie measures.
also known as: research design. |
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| a general statement about how some parts of the word fit together and how they workd; an explanation of how two or more facts are related to one another. |
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| folkways considered vital to maintain the continued functioning of society. |
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