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| the study of human society |
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| the ability to connect the most basic, intimate, aspects of an individual's life to seemingly impersonal and remote historical forces |
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| a complex group of interdependent postitions that perform a social role and reproduce themselves over time; also defined in a narrow sense as any institution in a society that works to shape the behavior of the groups or people within it |
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| German; understanding. the concept of verstehen forms the object of inquiry for interpretive sociology - to study how social actors understand their actions and the social world through experience |
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| a sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonably expect life to be predictable; too little social regulation; normlessness |
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| a strain within sociology that believes the social world can be described and predicted by certain describable relationships (akin to a social physics) |
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| a concept conceived by W.E.B. DuBois to describe the two behavioral scripts, one for moving through the world and the other incoporating the external opinions of prejudiced onlookers, which are constantly maintained by African Americans |
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| the theory that various social institutions and processes in society exist to serve some important (or necessary) function to keep society running |
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| the idea that conflict between competing interests is the basic, animating force of social change and society in general (generally attributed to Marx; includes the offshoot) |
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| a micro-level theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind people's actions |
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| a condition characterized by a questioning of the notion of progress and history, the replacement of narrative witin pastiche, and multiple, perhaps even conflicting, identities resulting from disjointed affliations |
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| an entity that exists & whose existence is perpetuated as people and social institutions act in accordance with the widely agreed upon formal rules or informal norms of behavior associated with that entity |
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| a theory that attempts to predict how certain soical institutions tend to function (Merton) |
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| seeks to understand local interactional contexts; its methods of choice are ethnographic, generally including participant observation and indepth interviews |
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| generally concerned with social dynamics at a higher level of analysis - that is, across the breadth of a society |
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| (1959) sociological imagination |
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| Comte's 3 stages of human reasoning: |
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| theological(religion), metaphysical(biology), & scientific(physics) |
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| conflict between class-groups is what drives history |
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| the development of our current economic/political arrangement is based on changes in our religious ideals (protestantism & capitalism) |
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| the current political/economic arrangement, particularly our relationship to work has implications for mortality (suicide & rapid change) |
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| precursor of network theory & the importance of "microinteractions" |
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| develops (among other things) the concept of double conciousness in which individuals live through two distinct realities (their own, & the world as seen through the eyes of others) |
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| helped found Hull House in Chicago a community center in which the ideas of academic sociologists were applied to the real world. due to predjudices, even among sociologists DuBois & Addams' contributions were largely ignored |
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| advocates a "midrange theory" which focuses on the actual institutions that exist & how we study those |
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| approaches that social scietists use for investigating the answers to questions |
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| methods that seek to obtain information about the social world that is already in or can be coverted to numeric form |
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| methods that attempt to collect information about the social world that cannot be readily converted to numeric form |
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| a research approach that starts with a theory, forms a hypothesis, makes empirical observations, and then analyzes the data to confirm, reject, or modify the original theory |
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| a research approach that starts with empirical observations and then works to form a theory |
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| correlation or association |
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| simultaneous variation in two variables |
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| the notion that a change in one factor results in a corresponding change in another |
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| a situation in which the researcher believes that A results in a change B, but B in fact, is causing A |
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| the outcome that the researcher is trying to explain |
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| a measured factor that the researcher believes has a causal impact on the dependent variable |
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| a proposed relationship between two variables |
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| the process of assigning a precise method for measuring a term being examined for use in a particular study |
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| the extent to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure |
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| likelihood of obtaining consistent results using the same measure |
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| the extent to which we can claim our findings inform us about a group larger than the one we studied |
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| analyzing and critically considering our own role in and affect on research |
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| a set of systems or methods that treat women's experiences as legitimate empirical & theoretical resources, that promote social science for women(thing public sociology, but for a specific half of the public), and that take in account the researcher as much as the overt subject matter |
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| a qualitative research method that seeks to observe social actions in practice |
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| an ordered series of questons intended to elicit information from respondents |
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| research that collects data from written reports, newspaper articles, journals, transcripts, television programs, diaries, artwork, and other artifacts that date to prior time period under study |
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| a methodology by which two or more entities (such as countries), which are similar in many dimensions but differ on one in question, are compared to learn about the dimension that differs between them |
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| methods that seek to alter the social landscape in a very specific way for a given sample of individuals and then track what results that change yields; often involve comparisons to a control group that did not experience such an intervention |
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| a systematic analysis of the content rather than the structure of a communication, such as a written work, speech or film |
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| the practice of sociological research, teaching, and service that seeks to engage a non-academic audience for a normative productive end |
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| start to make a theory then find information to support it |
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| uses data you have to come up with a theory |
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| ethics in social science research |
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| 1.) do no harm; 2.) informed consent; 3.) voluntary participation |
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| ask detailed questions to a very specific set of people |
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| don't physically, emotionally or socially harm your participants |
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| participants have the right to know what the study entails, and how the research will be used before they participate |
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| cannot force coerce or manipulate participants into participation in your study; additionally they must be allowed to simply quit at ANY point during the study should they choose |
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| a set of beliefs, traditions, and practices; the sum total of social categories and concepts we embrace in addition to beliefs, behaviors (except instinctual ones), and practices; that which is not the natural enviornment around us |
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| the belief that one's own culture or group is superior to others and the tendency to view all other cultures from the perspective of one's own |
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| values, beliefs, behaviors, and social norms |
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| everthing that is a part of our constructed, physical enviornment, including technology |
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| a sytem of concepts and relationships, an understanding of cause and effect |
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| taking into account the differences across cultures without passing judgement or assigning value |
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| modes of behavior and understanding that are not universal or natural |
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| the distinct cultural values and behavioral patterns of a particular group in society; a group united by sets of concepts, values, symbols, and shared meaning specific to the members of that group distinctive enough to distinguish it from others within the same culture or society |
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| how values tell us to behave |
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| the process by which individuals internalize the values, beleifs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as members of that society |
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| the idea that culture is a projection of social structures and relationships into the public sphere, a screen onto which the film of the underlying reality or social structures of our society is projected |
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| any formats or vehichles that carry, present or communicate information |
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| a condition by which a dominant group uses its power to elicit the voluntary "consent" of the masses |
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| the steady acquisition of material possessions, often with the belief that happiness and fulfillment can thus be achieved |
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| the act of turning media against themselves |
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| art, live performances(broadway,plays,musicals) |
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| the individual identity of a person as perceived by that same person |
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| one's sense of agency, action or power |
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| the self as perceived as an object by the "I"; as the self as one imagines others perceive one |
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| someone or something outside of oneself |
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| an internalized sense of the total expectations of others in a variety of settings- regardless of whether we've encountered those people or places before |
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| the process by which one's sense of social values, beliefs, and norms are reengineered, often deliberately through an intense social process that may take place in a total institution |
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| an institution in which one is totally immersed and that controls all the basics of day-to-day life; no barriers exist between the usual spheres of daily life, and all activity occurs in the same place and under the same single authority |
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| a recognizable social position that an idividual occupies |
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| the duties and behaviors expected of someone who holds a particular status |
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| the incompatibility among roles corresponding to a single status |
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| the tension causes by competing demands between two or more roles pertaining to different statuses |
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| all the statuses one hold simultaneously |
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| a status into which one is born; involuntary status |
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| a status into which one enters; voluntary status |
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| one status within a set that stands out or overrides all others |
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| sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one's status as male or female |
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| a micro-level theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind people's actions |
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| the view (advanced by Erving Goffman) of social life as essentially a theatrical performance, in which we are all actors on metaphorical stages, with roles, scripts, costumes, and sets |
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| the esteem in which an individual is held by others |
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| literally "the methods of the people," this approach to studying human interaction focuses on the ways in which we make sense of our world, convey this understanding to others, and produce a mutally shared social order |
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| (1930's) self; I; Me; Other |
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| member of a triad who attempts to resolve conflict between the two other actors in the group |
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| the new third member of a triad who benifits from conflict between the other two members of the group |
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| the role of a member of a triad who intentionally drives a wedge between the other two actors in the group |
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| a group characterized by face-to-face interaction, a unifocal perspective, lack of formal arrangements, and a certain level of equality |
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| a group that is similar to a small group but multifocal |
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| a group characterized by the prescense of a formal structure that mediates interaction and, consequently, status differentiation |
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| social groups, such as family or friends, composed of intimate face-to-face relationships that strongly influence the attitudes and ideals of those involved |
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| groups marked by impersnonal, instrumental relationships (those existing as a means to an end) |
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| another term for the powerful group, most often the majority |
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| another term for the stigmatized or less powerful group, the minority |
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| a group that helps us understand or make sense of our position in society relative to other groups |
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| a set of relations - essentially, a set of dyads - held together by ties between individuals |
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| a set of stories that explains our relationship to the other members of our network |
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| the sum of stories contained in a set of ties |
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| the degree to which the ties are reinforced through indirect paths within a social network |
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| the notion that often relativel weak ties turn out to be quite valuable because they yield new information |
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| a gap between network clusters, or even two individuals, if those individuals (or clusters) have complementary resources |
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| the information knowledge of people, and connections that help individuals enter, gain power in, or otherwise leverage social networks |
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| the shared beliefs and behaviors within a social group; often used interchangeably with corporate culture |
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| the ways in which power and authority are distributed within an organization |
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| a constraining process that forces one organization to resemble others that face the same set of environmental conditions |
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| the two members depend upon one another |
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| we say the group is "supra individual" that is, it can continue to exist even if one member leaves |
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