Term
|
Definition
| emphasizes the role of coercion and power, a person’s or group’s ability to exercise influence and control over others in producing social order; social life is a struggle between different groups of people fighting for scarce resources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : theory of women’s oppression analyses the status of women and men in society with the purpose of using that knowledge to better women’s lives |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interprets how each part of society contributes to the stability of the whole; if one part of society is dysfunctional it affects all other parts and creates social problems; like a robot; Talcott Parsons (1902 – 1979): a major theorist of functionalism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an approach started by Auguste Comte; the approach that says scientific observation and description is the highest form of knowledge; the modern way of studying sociology; Auguste Comte (1798-1857): French philosopher who came up with the term sociology; just like science was discovering laws of nature, Comte believed there were laws of human behavior to be discovered. This approach was called positivism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| statistic and numeric data based and closed ended questions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more interpreted from observations or open-ended questions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| term created by Emile Durkheim; indicates social patterns that are external to the individual (ex. customs, social values as opposed to psychological drives and motivation, which exist inside people); can’t be explained by biology or psychology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an established and organized system of social behavior with a recognized purpose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the organized pattern of social relationships and social institutions that together compose society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behavior between two or more people that is how people relate two each other and form a bond and is given meaning by them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the organized pattern of social relationships and social institutions that together compose society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of human behavior in society |
|
|
Term
| Symbolic Interaction Theory |
|
Definition
| considers immediate social interaction to be the place where society exists; behavior is learned in interaction with other people; the self is what we imagine we are; it is not only an interior bundle of drives instincts and motives (which Freud might argue); meaning assigned to something including ones own identity is constantly reconstructed as we act within our social environments; its not purely internal drive that directs the actions of people; people are actively involved in their own process of socialization; identity is not something subconsciously, rather it is consciously sustained |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shared ideas held collectively by people within a given culture about what is true; basis for many norms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group that has values that are at odds with those of the dominant culture; sometimes they are created as a reaction to the dominant culture; sometimes they are preexisting and just resistant to change or the imposition of the dominant culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aka social capital; cultural resources that are socially designated as being worthy (such as knowledge of an elite culture) and that give advantages to groups possessing such capital |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the pervasive and excessive influence of one culture throughout society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the pervasive and excessive influence of one culture throughout society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| views and analyzes another culture in terms of that cultures own values and standards |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| things can change in society so quickly that the rest of society has a hard time catching up with it or figuring out what the new technology means in terms of everyday life (ex. stem cell research, when life-saving technology used to be considered bad because if you were dying it was believed to be meant to happen) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when our way of understanding the world break down and doesn’t explain what’s happening; usually happens in other cultural context; refers the to anxiety people experience when they encounter cultures radically different from their own |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| :the culture of the most powerful group in society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the assumption that ones culture is superior to others; using your culture to negatively judge other cultures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a way of studying society where you break the norms and study the subsequent behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are the general standards of behavior adhered to by a group, everyday customs that people follow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| set of symbols and rules that, combined in a meaningful way, provides a complex communication system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| written set of guidelines that are defined by a society; formal, standardized norms as dictated by legislator and are enforced by formal authorities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior; strongly held norms with moral and ethical connotations that may not be violated without serious consequences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the objects created in a given society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the norms, ideas, customs, laws and beliefs of a group of people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the specific cultural expectations for how to behave in a given situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the beliefs practices and objects that are part of everyday traditions; mass consumed; has enormous impact on public values |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : says that language determines other aspects of culture because language provides these categories through which social reality is defined |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the reactions people get for following or breaking norms; are mechanisms of social control that enforce norms; can be rewards or punishments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a world that exists within a dominant culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (nonmaterial culture) things or behaviors to which people give meaning; the meaning is not inherent in the symbol, it is bestowed by the meaning people give it (gestures, language) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the strictest norms in societies; those behaviors that bring the most serious sanctions; mores so strong that violation is considered extremely offensive and even unmentionable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the abstract standards in a society or group that define ideal principles and provide a general outline for behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
defined by British philosopher Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
observation, hypothesis testing, analysis of data and generalization; while many studies are quantitative (statistic and numeric data based and closed ended questions), others are qualitative (more interpreted from observations or open-ended questions)
Seven basic steps:
1. Selecting a topic and reviewing previous research
2.defining a problem aka asking a research question
4. ?
3. Form a hypothesis
5. Chose a research method
6. Collect the data
7. Analyzing the results and sharing them with the general public |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| useful for determining patterns of cause and effect; two groups are necessary, a control group and an experimental group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sociological research technique (Used by Mitch Duneier in 1999) where you engulf yourself in the society you are studying; participate and observe: qualitative research |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a relatively large collection of people (or other unit) that a researcher studies and about which generalizations are made |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| getting the same result when you replicate the study |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| validity of an indicator is the degree to which it accurately measures or reflects a concept; using multiples indicators increases the validity of the concept and so does asking the same question in multiple ways; the degree to which an indicator accurately measures or reflects a concept |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any subset of units from a population that a researcher studies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is research that is repeated, but on a different group of people or in a different time or place to see if it was good research |
|
|
Term
question:
Give 3 examples of agents of socialization |
|
Definition
| media, family, education... |
|
|
Term
Question:
What are the stages in the development of the self? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : Sigmund Freuds term for the component of personality that includes all of the individuals basic biological drives and needs that demand immediate gratification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : according to Sigmund Freud, the rational reality oriented component of personality that imposes restrictions on the innate pleasure seeking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sigmund Freud’s term for the conscience, consisting of the moral and ethical aspects of personality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a persons image and evaluation of important aspects of oneself |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| our concept of who we are, as formed in relationship to others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| those with whom we have a close affiliation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| considers the formulation of identity to be a learned response to external social stimuli; developed by Swiss physiologist Jean Piaget; behaviors and attitudes develop in response to reinforcement and encouragement from those around us |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a theory of socialization positing that the unconscious mind shapes human behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| George Herbert Mead says as people take on new roles, their awareness of self changes and ones identity emerges from the roles one plays; childhood socialization occurs in three stages, the third being game stage: when roles are organized into a complex system in the child’s mind, the child also understands how people are related to each other and can understand how they fit into the larger picture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an abstract composite f social roles and social expectations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behavior others expect from a person associated with a particular status |
|
|
Term
| Taking the role of the other |
|
Definition
| the process of imagining oneself from the point of view of another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| considers the formulation of identity to be a learned response to external social stimuli; developed by Swiss physiologist Jean Piaget; behaviors and attitudes develop in response to reinforcement and encouragement from those around us |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a negative attitude about an age group that is generalized to all people in that group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the process through which people learn the expectations of society; the essential link between the individual and society; teaches us how to act; ensures that members of society are socialize to support the existing social structure; allows society to pass culture on to the next generation; a form of social control;
products of socialization: personality, internalization aka the behaviors and assumptions that are learned so thoroughly people don’t question them, self-concept aka how people think of themselves)
agents of socialization: family, class, neighborhood, religion, day care, school, peer groups, sports, mass media |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| those gained by virtue of individual effort |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| those occupied from the moment a person is born |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when tasks are distinct from one another, but are still woven into a whole; how tasks are divided up, how work is performed, who does what work, the social power that comes from each job |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Social groups: must involve a we feeling and interact, although not necessarily face to face; people who regularly interact with each other, share goals and norms and have an awareness of “we” or see themselves as a distinct social group; people who think of themselves as belonging together and they interact with one another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a process in which people control how other people perceive them (even just dressing a certain way for certain things, or playing it off as a joke when you fall down the stairs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| overriding all other features of a persons identity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when individuals play similar roles in society, perform similar tasks, similar consciousness, people depend on each other to survive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when individuals play a variety of roles in society, based on differences rather than similarity, larger complex societies, new, result of division of labor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a conflict among the roles corresponding to two or more statuses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the stress or strain experienced by an individual when incompatible behavior, expectations, or obligations are associated with a single social role. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the complete set of statuses occupied by a person at a given time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an established position that carries with it a degree of social value |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
land based
- Hunting and gathering or foraging societies
- Pastoral societies
- Horticultural societies
- Tools
- Division of labor
- First social revolution
- Agricultural societies
- Surplus
- Large, complex societies and economies
- Social stratification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Information, services, and technology
- Education is very important
- Banking, legal professions, scientific research
- In the absence of a recession: (Leisure professions) tourism, entertainment
- Transition – job losses for those who are not formally educated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of formal organization characterized by an authority hierarchy, a clear division of labor, explicit rules, and impersonality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| doing together what we would not do alone; group size and physical anonymity influence this behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small group of two people – intense |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a large secondary group, highly organized to accomplish a complex task or tasks and to achieve goals efficiently. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group decision making that is commonly associated with unintended and disastrous consequences. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large formal organizations that offer prestige, personal satisfaction or the accomplishment of goals they consider worthwhile. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intimate face-to-face interactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Groups we use as a standard to evaluate ourselves
Generalized version of Role Models
- Ex: rock stars, actresses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when people in a group are likely to make riskier decisions then if they are alone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Break down to smaller primary groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| People who are linked to one another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an organization cut off from the rest of society and the resident individual is subject to strict social control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| violation of norms that have been written into law |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the condition that exists when social regulations in a society break down: the controlling influences of society are no longer effective, and people exist in a state of relative normlessness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of crime from a scientific perspective |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behavior that is recognized as violating expected rules and norms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a direct outgrowth of the labeling process
- the sequence of movements people make through a particular subculture of deviance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| groups organized around particular forms of social deviance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the definition a person has of himself or herself as a deviant |
|
|
Term
| differential association theory |
|
Definition
| a type of symbolic interaction theory, interprets deviance, including criminal behavior, as behavior one learns through interaction with others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the wrongdoing of wealthy and powerful individuals and organizations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| assaults and other malicious acts (including crimes against property) motivated by various forms of social bias, including that based on race, religion, sexual orientation, ethnic/national origin, or disability. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a branch of symbolic interaction theory, interprets the responses of others as the most significant factor in understanding how deviant behavior it both created and sustained. |
|
|
Term
| medicalization of deviance |
|
Definition
| attributes deviant behavior to a "sick" state of mind, where the solution is to "cure" the deviant through therapy or other psychological treatment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| crime committed by structured groups typically involving the provision of illegal goods and services to others. stereotype: the mafia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| violent or nonviolent crimes directed against people. (murder, aggravated assault, forcible rape, and robbery) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a con game whereby a central person (Mr.Madoff) collects money from a large number of people, including friends and relatives, and then promises to invest their dollars with a high rate of interest for them. The money is never actually invested, it is just used to pay off earlier investors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involve theft of property without threat of bodily harm. (burglary, larceny, autotheft, arson) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the use of race alone as the criterion for deciding whether to stop and detain someone on suspicion of their having committed a crime. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| those who regulate and administer the response to deviance, such as the police and mental health workers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of functionalist theory, suggests that deviance occurs when a person's (or group's) attachment to social bonds is weakened. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an attribute that is socially devalued and discredited. some stigmas result in people being labeled deviant. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| traces the origins of deviance to the tensions caused by the gap between cultural goals and the means people have available to achieve those goals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| violate laws but are not listed in the FBI's serious crime index. (illicit activities, such as gambling, illegal drug use, and prostitution) |
|
|
