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| the systematic and scientific study of human social life. |
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| study people as they form groups and interact with one another |
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| places special emphasis on studying societies, both as individual entities and as elements of a global perspective. |
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| WHO IS THE FATHER OF SOCIOLOGY? |
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| Auguste Comte (1798–1857) |
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| WHAT IS THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD? |
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| is the use of systematic and specific procedures to test theories in psychology, the natural sciences, and other fields. |
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| the application of the scientific method to the analysis of society |
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| WHO DEVELOPED QUALITATIVE SOCIOLOGY? |
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| concerned mainly with trying to obtain an accurate picture of a group and how it operates in the world |
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| relies on statistical analysis to understand experiences and trends |
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| WHAT ARE THE OTHER TYPES OF SOCIAL SCIENCES? |
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| anthropology, political science, psychology, and economics |
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| concerns individual cultures in a society |
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| concerns the governments of various societies |
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| takes the individual out of his or her social circumstances and examines the mental processes that occur within that person |
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| focuses on the production and distribution of society’s goods and services |
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| SOCIAL WELFARE FOCUSES ON WHAT THINGS AND JOBS? |
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problems such as poverty, prejudice, and world hunger.
JOBS:Social worker, Child welfare worker, Adoption agency worker, Foreign aid worker, Peace Corps/VISTA volunteer, Clergy |
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| Sociologists who focus on crime and deviance may conduct studies on what? |
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| of juvenile delinquents, female criminals, or other subgroups of offenders |
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| is an applied science, which is designed to solve a problem. |
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| is a group of people with common territory, interaction, and culture. |
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| consist of two or more people who interact and identify with one another. |
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| refers to the language, values, beliefs, behavior, and material objects that constitute a people’s way of life |
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| Groups seeking to become part of a pluralistic society often have to give up many of their original traditions in order to fit in |
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| a society in which people from different societies blend together into a single mass |
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| Ferdinand Tönnies did what? |
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| divided societies into two large categories: Gemeinschaft societies and Gesellschaft societies. |
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| consist primarily of villages in which everyone knows everyone else |
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| People have little in common with one another, and relationships are short term and based on self-interest, with little concern for the well-being of others. |
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| guideline or an expectation for behavior |
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| folkways, mores, laws, and taboos. |
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| a norm for everyday behavior that people follow for the sake of convenience or tradition |
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| a norm based on morality, or definitions of right and wrong |
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| a norm that is written down and enforced by an official agency |
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| a norm that society holds so strongly that violating it results in extreme disgust. |
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| anyone who doesn’t follow a norm, in either a good way or a bad way |
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| refers to the methods that societies devise to encourage people to observe norms |
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| The most common method for maintaining social control is the use of sanctions, which are socially constructed expressions of approval or disapproval |
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| rewards someone for following a norm and serves to encourage the continuance of a certain type of behavior. |
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| a way of communicating that a society, or some group in that society, does not approve of a particular behavior. The optimal effect of a negative sanction is to discourage the continuation of a certain type of behavior. |
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| describes the position a person occupies in a particular setting |
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| is the set of norms, values, behaviors, and personality characteristics attached to a status |
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| material culture and nonmaterial culture. |
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| consists of the concrete, visible parts of a culture, such as food, clothing, cars, weapons, and buildings |
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| consists of the intangible aspects of a culture, such as values and beliefs. |
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| the group whose members are in the majority or who wield more power than other groups |
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| a group that lives differently from, but not opposed to, the dominant culture |
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| The first African American to recieve a Ph.D from Harvard University |
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| subculture that opposes the dominant culture |
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| the tendency to judge another culture by the standards of one’s own culture. |
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| the examination of a cultural trait within the context of that culture |
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| the surprise, disorientation, and fear people can experience when they encounter a new culture. |
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| refers to the tendency for changes in material and nonmaterial culture to occur at different rates |
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| the process whereby an aspect of culture spreads throughout a culture or from one culture to another. |
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| the process whereby we learn to become competent members of a group |
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| the learning we experience from the people who raise us. |
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| the founder of psychoanalysis, believed that basic biological instincts combine with societal factors to shape personalities |
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| believed that people develop self-images through interactions with other people |
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| believed that we form our self-images through interaction with other people. He was particularly interested in how significant others shape us as individuals |
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| someone whose opinions matter to us and who is in a position to influence our thinking, especially about ourselves. |
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| the way children think changes as they mature physically and interact with the world around them. |
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the ability to recognize that an object can exist even when it’s no longer perceived or in one’s sight.
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| the ability to recognize that measurable physical features of objects, such as length, area, and volume, can be the same even when objects appear different. |
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| was interested in moral reasoning, |
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| why people think the way they do about what’s right and wrong |
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| argues that Kohlberg’s theory was inaccurate because he studied only boys |
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| a social group in which members are usually the same age and have interests and social position in common |
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| Henry and Margaret Harlow |
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| subjected rhesus monkeys to various conditions of social isolation |
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| which is the learning of new norms and values that occurs when they join a new group or when life circumstances change dramatically |
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| the idea that life is like a never-ending play in which people are actors |
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| Anticipatory socialization |
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| occurs when we start learning new norms and values in anticipation of a role we’ll occupy in the future |
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| the tendency for boys and girls to be socialized differently |
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| set of behaviors, attitudes, and personality characteristics expected and encouraged of a person based on his or her sex. |
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| the institution that provides for the production and distribution of goods and services, which people in every society need. |
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| sociologists analyze large-scale social forces, such as institutions |
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| the study of social interaction |
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| system under which resources and means of production are privately owned, citizens are encouraged to seek profit for themselves, and success or failure of an enterprise is determined by free-market competition |
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| a system under which resources and means of production are owned by the society as a whole, rights to private property are limited, the good of the whole society is stressed more than individual profit, and the government maintains control of the economy. |
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| a system that features a market-based economy coupled with an extensive social welfare system that includes free health care and education for all citizens. |
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| a system under which resources and means of production are privately owned but closely monitored and regulated by the government. |
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| believed that the economy was the basic institution of society and that all other institutions, such as family and education, served to fuel the economy |
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| believing that in any capitalist society there was always conflict between the owners of the means of production and the workers |
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| all the means of production would be owned by everyone and all profits would be shared equally by everyone |
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| an institution entrusted with making and enforcing the rules of a society as well as with regulating relations with other societies |
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