Term
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Definition
| Study of human behavior in society. |
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Term
| How is sociology different from psychology or anthropology? |
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Definition
| psychcology studies humans in a more sigular way, and anthropology studies humans past and present. |
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Term
| What is the definition of the Sociological Imagination? |
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Definition
| The ability to see how scoial patterns affect behavior. |
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Term
| What are the benefits to the sociological imagination? |
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Definition
-helps assess truth of common sense.
-helps one see opportunities and constraints on lines.
-empowers us to be active participants in society.
-helps us live in a diverse world. |
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Term
| What's the differece between troubles and issues? |
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Definition
| Troubles are privately felt problems (you lose your job) and issues affect large numbers of people (high unemployment rate) |
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Term
| How did the enlightenment affect society? |
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Definition
| science replaced faith, and people started to believe that the study of society could help discover the laws of scoitey. |
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Term
| How did the Industrial revolution change socitey? |
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Definition
| create more jobs, more people moved to cities, which brought to light poverty and disease as issues. more critical thinking because of exposure to different ideas |
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Term
| Who was August Comte? What did he do? |
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Definition
| Coined the term sociology. the laws of human nature are discovered through systematic observation, which gives you the ability to predict and therefore control outcomes. |
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Term
| What are the 3 stages of historical development? |
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Definition
Theological:faith based- society expressed God's will.
Metaphysical: society is natural rather than super natural
Scientific: society is neither natural, nor God's will. |
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Term
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Definition
| A functionalist from paris who studied punishments and thought that everything served a purpose, even devience. Said punishment reinforce the norm. coined Sui Generis: a thing unto itself and needs to be studied seperately from the sum of its parts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Wrote communist manafesto. Saw 2 social classes: Proletariats (poor) and bourgeoisie (rich, owned means of production) Said society is shaped by economic forces. |
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Term
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Definition
| saw society by economic (class), Statis (cultural/social), and party (political/power). |
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Term
| Break down class, statis, and party |
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Definition
class-rentiers (money), entrepeneurs (goods and services), and non-owners (skilled/semi skilled/unskilled workers)
Status-determined by lifestyle (how you consume goods). a result of social/cultural differences, not economic
Party- doesnt look at status or class. only wants to influence politics. |
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Term
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Definition
| practical application of sociology to the real world. |
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Term
| What was the Chicago School? |
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Definition
| center of intellectual thought the focused on crime, race, relations, inequality, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| introduced the idea of racial division in America. |
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Term
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Definition
| Culture is shared and defines a way of life for people. A complex system of meaning and behavior. |
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Term
| What is the difference between Nonmaterial and Material culture. Give expamples |
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Definition
Material- physical objects- artifacts.
Nonmaterial- abstract- religion, behavior |
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Term
| What are the 5 characteristics of Culture? |
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Definition
-Shared
-Learned
-taken for granted
-symbolic
-varies across time and place, and can adapt |
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Term
| What are the 4 parts of culture? |
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Definition
1)Language-universally understood w/ culture.
2)Norms- specific to cultural expectations (hold open doors)
3)Beliefs- shared ideas that are held collectivly by society
4)Values- abstract standards that define ideal principles |
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Term
| Ethnocentrism v. Cultural relativism |
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Definition
Ethnocentrism- only seeing from the p.o.v. of your own culture
Cultural Rel.- can only be understood/judged in its own cultural context |
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Term
| What is the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis? |
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Definition
| Says language determines other aspects of culture, culture determines language. language reflects social values, power relationships, inequalities. |
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Term
| What is the difference between an implicit and explicit norm? |
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Definition
Implicit- implied- learned indirectly
Explicit- norms formally communicated in some way |
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Term
| What are Folkways and Mores? |
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Definition
Folkways- general standards of behavior. (loosely defined- if violated, odd but not threatening)
Mores- control moral behavior (severe sanctions for violating them) |
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Term
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Definition
Values norms and practices of the group within society that is most powerful (in terms of wealth, prestige, status)
may mean that other ways of seeing things in inferior which can lead to Hegemony- ideas of dominant group accepted by all of socitey |
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Term
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Definition
A culture within a culture that shares some of the same elements of dom. cul.
(senior citizens, firefighters) |
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Definition
| reaction against dominant culture (hippies, femininsts, anti war protestors) |
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Definition
beliefs and practices that are part of everyday traditions. mass produced/ mass consumed (mass media)
can shape information and public perceptions of things. |
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Term
| What is the reflection hypothesis? |
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Definition
| Media reflects back to us the values of the general population, and the general population determines media substance. |
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Term
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Definition
a delay in culture adjustments- some parts of a culture develope more rapidly than others
ex. we have the technology to drive electric cars, but most people still drive gas powered cars |
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Term
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Definition
| culture changes rapidly- you experience disorientaion/confusion |
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Term
| What are the 4 sources of cultural change? |
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Definition
New Technology
Changed conditions
Diffusion (culture spreads from a cultural group to another - gay rights)
Imposed (a powerful group takes over) |
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Term
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Definition
| The process through which we learn social expectations |
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Term
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Definition
| the part you play in society |
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Term
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Definition
| consistant pattern of behaviors, feelings, beliefs. shaped by culture, people, socitey, family, friends etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| How we define ourselves. Often bestowed by others- has to do with how other treat us and how you compare yourself to others. |
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Term
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Definition
| learned behaviors, beliefs etc that you don't question because they're normal |
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Term
| What are the 4 consequences of socialization? |
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Definition
1)Establishes how we see ourselves, hows other define us.
2)Creates capacity for role taking- we need to know what others expect of us
3)Creates social control- tendancy for people to act in certain ways
4)Bearers of culture- what we do helps construct society and pass on social expectation. we are active in socializing others. |
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Term
| What are agents of socialization? |
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Definition
| Anyone that passes on social expectations. Family, friends, schools, religion, media, sports, etc. |
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Term
| What is the Psychoanalytic theory? |
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Definition
| Freud suggested the unconscious mind shapes behavior. Id-(devil), Ego (balance), Super-ego (angel). |
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Term
| What is the Object Relations theory? |
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Definition
(Chodorow) Shifted focus from biological drives to social relationships. Your childhood experiences develope who you will become.
Individuation- breaking of bonds
attachment- making of bonds
(children identify w/ same sex parent, so boys are more detatched b/c dad isn't around |
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Term
| What is the Social Learning theory? |
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Definition
| We learn through observing and imitating others and experienceing reinforcment. |
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Term
| What were Piaget's ideas on the human brain? |
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Definition
| Can't handle all the stimuli, so brain makes "files" (schema) to compare situations. |
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Term
| What are the 4 stages of Cognitive Developement? |
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Definition
1)Sensorimotor- 5 senses
2)Preocupational- use language,some symbols
3)Concrete Operational- logical principles (cause and effect)
4)Formal opporational- abstract thought |
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Term
| Who was Lawrence Kohlberg? |
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Definition
| Created 3 stages of moral develpoement. Argued men reach a higher level of moral development than women. |
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Term
| What are the 3 stages of moral development? |
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Definition
1)Pre-conventional- judge right from wrong based on your own needs
2)Conventional- everyday judgments, following rules
3)Post-conventional- abstract ethical questions. used only when something grossly offends sense of morals. |
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Term
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Definition
| created theory of Gender and Moral development (women= ethic of care, men=ehtic of justice) |
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Term
| Who created the Looking glass self, what is the looking glass self? |
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Definition
Cooley. Emerges from 3 things:
1) How we think we appear to others
2)How we think we are judged by others
3)your response to 1 and 2 |
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Term
| What is the Theory of Social self and who created it? |
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Definition
Mead: how we imagine ourselves from other's perspectives
1)imitation stage- mimic others
2)play stage- taking on roles
3)game stage- has winners and losers. you take on more than one role |
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Term
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Definition
when existing social roles are radically altered/ replaced.
(join the military, go to prison) |
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Term
| What is a Rite of Passage? |
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Definition
| When your role changes, have a ceremony to make transition (confirmations, baptism) |
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Term
| what is Stockholm syndrome? |
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Definition
| when somone capture forms bond with captor bc they have become dependent on them. |
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