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| established and accepted cultural practices and behaviours |
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| the way of life of a particular group of people, taught and learnt through socialisation |
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| the process through which people learn the various forms of behaviour that go with membership of a particular culture. young children for ex, must learn the roles, norms and values they will need to become full members of their society, these things children do not acquire naturally |
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| the idea that our perception of what is real is created through a variety of historical and cultural processes, rather than something that is fixed and naturally occurring. different societies for ex, construct male and female identities differently |
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| expected patterns of behaviour expected with each position that we hold, such as being a friend, student or teacher |
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| beliefs or ideas that are important to the people who hold them. a value always expresses a belief about how something should be |
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| socially accepted ways of behaving in different roles |
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| a situation in which people are unable to predict the behaviour of others because the system of norm a and values is not being followed |
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| ways in which members of society are made to conform to norms and values |
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| ways of rewarding or punishing acceptable or unacceptable behaviour; usually used in the sense of punishments (negative sanctions) |
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| agencies of socialisation/social control |
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| the social institutions and groups, such as family and the media, which influence behaviour by providing guidance, examples and sanctions |
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| a social institution comprising a group of people linked by kinship ties |
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| political, sociological and economic school of thought based on the work of Karl Marx |
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| people of similar status, and usually age, with whom a person has frequent contact |
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a culture within a larger culture- subcultures take many forms, such as religious groups, fans of a particular singer or actor, etc.
subcultures usually develop their own norms and values, although these do not necessarily conflict with those of the wider culture within which they exist |
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| general agreement across a society on a set of values; seen by functionalists as essential for society to be stable |
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| repeated experience of wealthy lifestyles and desirable consumer goods that suggests that 'happiness' is something that can be bought |
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| male-dominated unit or society |
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| a form of sociology, such as functionalism or marxism, that focuses on analysing society in terms of its institutional relationships and their effect on individual beliefs and behaviours |
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| the claim that human behaviour is shaped by forces beyond the immediate control of individuals, such as social structures or 'society' |
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| an approach focused on the behaviour of individuals that refers to three related perspectives (phenomenology, ethnomethodology and symbolic interactionism) based on the concept of social action |
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| when people have some control over their lives and can make choices and decisions, rather than their behaviour being determined by forces beyond their control |
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| behaviour that breaks the norms and values of a group |
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| the division of society into socio-economic groups, with different levels of power and wealth |
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| the relationships between the people involved in production- such as between the owners and the workers |
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| the ways in which capital can be transformed through technology and people's labour into goods for sale |
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| a set of ideas and ideals which explains how society works or should work |
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| an economic system based on the private ownership of property and the pursuit of profit |
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| a feminist approach which seeks to bring about equal opportunities for men and women without changing the system |
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| a feminist approach which combines feminism with marxism to argue that women are exploited by both capitalism and patriarchy |
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| a feminist approach which focuses on patriarchy as the cause of women's oppression |
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| a type of sociology focused on the study of individuals and small groups |
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| over-socialised conception of man |
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| criticism of the claim that human beings are simply the product of their socialisation and that behaviour can be understood as merely a response to external influence |
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| theory developed by Giddens which argues that structure and action are equally significant in terms of our ability to understand the relationship between the individual and society |
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| behaving in a socially acceptable way |
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| also referred to as coercion- using intimidation and threats to persuade someone to do something they don't want to do |
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| the ability to make others do what you want, even against their will |
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| when people or places are watched over carefully; a way of controlling behaviour |
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| when a person acts in ways that go against the norms and values of society |
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| when the process of socialisation is incomplete or inadequate |
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| the pursuing of an individual or group to the edge of a group or society, denying them an active voice and identity |
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| not having the values and attitudes which are likely to bring success in society |
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| the ways in which people combat and contest the dominant power in a society. used for a wide variety of activities |
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| any developments form original marxism, adapting it to meet changing circumstances |
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| collective or group identities applied to important roles. cultures classify, group and give meaning to broad identities, such as male or female, that define how 'men' and 'women' are generally expected to behave |
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| the group of people who move together from one age to the next |
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