Term
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Definition
| A vast collectivity of people more or less bound together by shared and selected history, ancestors, and physical features; these people are socialized to think of themselves as a distinct group, and they are regarded by others as such |
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Term
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Definition
| People who share, believe they share, or are believed by others to share a national origin; a common ancestry; a place of birth; distinctive concrete social traits (such as religious practices, style of dress, body adornments, or language); or socially important physical characteristics (such as skin color, hair texture, or body structure) |
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Term
| Systems of Racial and Ethnic Classification |
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Definition
| A systematic process that divides people into racial or ethnic categories that are implicitly or explicitly ranked on a scale of social worth |
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Definition
| Something not subject to human will, choice, or effort; it helps determine a person's racial and ethnic classification |
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Definition
| The social setting in which racial and ethnic categories are recognized, constructed, and challenged |
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Definition
| The act of choosing from a range of possible behaviors or appearances; a person's choices may evoke associations with a particular race or ethnic group |
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Definition
| People living within the political boundaries a country who were born elsewhere |
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Term
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Definition
| Subgroups within a society that can be distinguished from members of the dominant group by visible identifying characteristics, including physical and cultural attributes. These subgroups are systematically excluded, whether consciously or unconsciously, from full participation in society and denied equal access to positions of power, privilege, and wealth |
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Term
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Definition
| A process by which ethnic or racial distinctions between groups disappear because one group is absorbed into another group's culture or because two cultures blend to form a new cultural system |
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Definition
| A process by which members of a minority group adapt to the ways of the dominant culture |
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Definition
| The physical or social separation of categories of people |
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Definition
| Ethnic or racial groups that were forced to become part of a country by slavery, conquest, or colonization |
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Definition
| Racial or ethnic groups that come to a country expecting to improve their way of life |
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Term
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Definition
| Cultural blending in which groups accept many new behaviors and values from one another. The exchange produces a new cultural system, which is a blend of the previously separate systems |
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Definition
| A set of beliefs taken to be accurate accounts and explanations of why things are as they are. The beliefs are not challenged or subjected to scrutiny by the people who hold them |
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Definition
| A rigid and usually unfavorable judgment about an outgroup that does not change in the face of contradictory evidence and that applies to anyone who shares the distinguishing characteristics of the outgroup |
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Term
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Definition
| Inaccurate generalizations about people who belong to an outgroup |
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Term
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Definition
| The process in which prejudiced persons notice only the behaviors or events related to an outgroup that support their stereotypes about the outgroup |
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Term
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Definition
| Intentional or unintentional unequal treatment of individuals or groups because of attributes unrelated to merit, ability, or past performance-treatment that denies equal opportunities to achieve socially valued goals |
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Term
| Nonprejudiced Nondiscriminators (All-Weather Liberals) |
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Definition
| Persons who accept the creed of equal opportunity and whose conduct conforms to that creed |
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Term
| Nonprejudiced Discriminators (Fair-Weather Liberals) |
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Definition
| Persons who believe in equal opportunity but discriminate because doing so gives them an advantage or because they fail to consider the discriminatory consequences of their actions |
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Term
| Prejudiced Nondiscriminators (Timid Bigots) |
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Definition
| Persons who reject the creed of equal opportunity but refrain from discrimination primarily because they fear the sanctions they may encounter if they are caught |
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Term
| Prejudiced Discriminators (Active Bigots) |
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Definition
| Persons who reject the notion of equal opportunity and profess a right, even a duty, to discriminate |
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Term
| Individual Discrimination |
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Definition
| Any overt action of an individual that depreciates someone from an outgroup, denies outgroup members opportunities to participate, or does violence to their lives and property |
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Term
| Institutionalized Discrimination |
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Definition
| The established, customary way of doing things in society-the unchallenged rules, policies, and day-to-day practices that impede or limit minority members' achievement and keep them in subordinate and disadvantaged positions |
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Term
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Definition
| An attribute defined as deeply discrediting because it overshadows all other attributes that a person might possess |
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Term
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Definition
| "The moments when stigmatized normals are in the same 'social situation,' that is, in one another's immediate physical presence, whether in a conversation-like encounter or in the mere copresence of an unfocused gathering" |
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