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| the wealthy who own the means of production and buy the labor of the working class |
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| the idea that two control systems--inner controls and outer controls-- work against our tendencies |
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| crimes committed by executives in order to benefit their corporation |
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| the violation of norms written into law |
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| the system of police, courts, and prisons set up to deal with people who are accused of having committed a crime |
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| the legitimate objectives held out to the members of a society |
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| the violation of rules or norms |
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| Edwin Sutherland's term to indicate that associating with some groups results in learning an "excess of definitions" of deviance, and, by extension, in a greater likelihoop that one will become deviant |
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| inborn tendencies, in this context, to commit deviant acts |
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| crimes to which more severe penalties are attatched because they are motivated by hatred (dislike, animosity) of someone's race-ethnicity, religion, sexual orientaion, disabilty, or national origin |
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| illegitimate opportunity structure |
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| opportunities for crimes that are woven into the texure of life |
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| approved ways of reaching cultural goals |
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| the view, developed by symbolic interactionists, that the labels people are given affect their own and others' perceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior either into deviance or into conformity |
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| the most desperate members of the working class, who have few skills, little job security, and are often unemployed |
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| medicalization of deviance |
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| to make some deviance a medical matter, a symptom of some underlying illness that needs to be treated by physicians |
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| an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction, such as a frown, to a formal prison sentence or an execution |
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| the view that a personality distyrbance of some sort causes an individual to violate social norms |
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| a reward given for following norms, ranging from a smile to a prize |
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| the proportion of people who are rearrested |
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| a group's formal and informal means of enforcing its norms |
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| a group's usual and customary social arrangements, on which its members depend and on which they base their lives |
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| "blemishes" that discredit a person's claim to a "normal" identity |
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| Robert Merton's term for the strain engendered when a society socializes large numbers of people to desire a cultural goal (such as success) but withholds from many the approved means to reach that goal; one adaption to the strain is crime, the choice of and innovative means (one outside the approved system) to attain the cultural goal |
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| crimes such as mugging, rape, and burglary |
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| techniques of neutralization |
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| ways of thinking or rationalizing that help people deflect society's norms |
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| (also called corporate crime); Edwin Sutherland's term for crimes committed by people of respectable and high social status in the course of their occupations; for example, bribery of public official, securities violations, embezzlement, false advertising, and price fixing |
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| people who sell their labor to the capitalist class |
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