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category of people treated as distinct on account for physical characteristics to which social importance has been assigned
(biologists believe it has no biological reality) |
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category whose members are thought to share a common origin and important elements of a common culture (common language)
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inherited from one's parents and are ascribed characteristics that define categories of people
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| social construction of race and ethnicity |
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process through which a culture (based more on social ideas than on biological facts) defines what constitutes a race or an ethnic group, political process in which groups compete over how racial and ethnic categories should be defined |
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| group that is culturally, economically, and politically subordinate |
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| group that is culturally, economically, and politically subordinate |
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| whites comprised only 15% of south africa |
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| majority group not always larger than minority |
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| 2 stratification systems- one baced on class, one based on race and ethnicity |
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| work together to multiply disadvantages and inequality |
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| different racial and ethnic groups display similar patterns of internal inequality |
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| w/in blacks, mexicans and whites, the wealthiest 20% recieve 1/2 of all income |
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| about 1.5x income of mex and blacks |
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median net worth of whites= $67,000,
10x higher than mex and blacks |
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| racial differences in wealth, not income, form roots of continuing u.s racial divide |
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disproportionately large number of health and environmental risks that minorities face daily in their neighborhoods and workplaces, combo of poverty and racism to multiply inequality |
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| relations b/t race and ethnicity can take 1 of 3 forms |
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| pluralism, assimilation, conflict |
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| peaceful coexistance of separate and equal cultures in same society |
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| members of minority culture lose their defining cultural features and adopt those of the majority culture,when complete, traces of minority may all but disappear, loose ethnic clothing or language |
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| relations b/t maj and minority often lead to |
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| mass killings aimed at destroying a population, conflict may cause |
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| classify individuals into diff groups, use symbols (clothes tattos) to mark different classifications, dehumanization: convincing general public to believe minority group is less human, hate spreads so does segregation and organizing mass killings, easy deport victims to death camps and find the killers |
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| danish jews refused to make them wear star |
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| result 17% of danish jews killed, incontrast 90% of polish jews killed |
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| physical separation of minority and majority group members |
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| irrational, negative attitude toward a category of ppl |
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| belief that inherited physical characteristics associated w/ racial groups determine individual's abilities and characteristics and provide a legitimate basis for unequal treatment |
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| refers to belief that all races are created equal and that racial equality has already been achieved |
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| preconceived, simplistic idea about the members of a group, basic building blocks of prejudice, can hinder social interactions |
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| authoritarian personality |
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| submissive to those in authority and antagonistic toward those lower in status |
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| members of minority and majority group learn to devalue minority |
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| ppl or groups who are blocked in their own goal attainment blame others for their failures |
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| competition for scarce resources |
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| prejudicial attitudes are closely associated w/ belief that gains for other racial groups will spell losses for one's own group |
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| unequal treatment of individuals on the basis of their membership in categories |
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| prejudice vs discrimination |
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| occurs when the normal operation of apparently neutral processes systematically produces unequal results for majority and minority groups |
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| white ethnic groups blended together into a new american identity |
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| it typically is invisible, rarely think of themselves as even having a race |
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| benefits whites recieve simply b/c they are white |
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| 12.3% of u.s population, babies are twice as likely to die than whites, men's life expectancy is 6 yrs less than white men |
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| live below poverty line and median income is 64% that of whites |
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| majority of blacks 40 yr old raised in middle class |
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| now have lower fam incomes than thier parents |
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| 2 reasons for economic disadvantages |
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| blacks earn less $ than white, black fam are less likely to have 2 earnings |
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| because no work in south, and less schooling than white- work in low fields |
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| ppl employed full-time= median income of black is 20% lower than white |
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| blacks make up 11% of all employed u.s |
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| 19% of janitors, 26% of mail clerks, 33% of nursing aides |
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| 1/2 of gap b/t blacks and white income |
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| due to fact that blacks dont have dad- 46% daddyless vs 14% for whites |
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| black female headship results from poverty |
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| hispanics- 2/3 mexican origin, rest from central/south america and caribbean |
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| 12.5% of u.s population, largest minority group |
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| most poorly educated racial and ethnic group, puerto ricans most likely to live in poverty and 2nd most (after blacks) to live in female-based households |
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| national pole in 2007- 74% |
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| hispanics strongly agreed w/ "if you work hard, you will succeed in u.s. |
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| rapid immigration growth raised 2 concerns- fears increased b/c increasing residential segregation of hipanitcs in u.s, which lead come to question if new imigrants will become socially intergrated into u.s society |
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| new immigrants young, poorly educated, and willing to accept very low wages- will cause low wages for everyone; and some fear hispanic culture and spanish laguage will take over the country |
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| immigrant workers improves quality of life among affluent americans |
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| but depresses wages of highschool dropouts to 5% |
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| more than doubled b/t 1980 and now, but only consists 3.6 % of total population, can be devided into 3- desendents of 19th century immigrants(chink and jap), post-ww3 (filipi,asian indiands, koreans), and recent refugees from southeast asia (cambodi, laotians, vietnam) |
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| higher % of asains than whites |
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| have college, doctorial, medical and law degrees |
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| s.e asian refugees here b/t 1975-1984 on welfare |
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| almost twice as many vietnam 20-24 yrs old are inrolled in school than whites |
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| b/e less likely to move out of profesional and technical positions into managerial and executive positions- get skipped over for promotions b/c whites think they are not personable or sociable |
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| smallest minority- less than 1% of population, 1/2 of members live in only oaklahoma, arizona, cali and new mex- most disadvantages minority |
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| lowest rates of education, highest rates of alcoholism, and premature death- have 200 tribal groups w/ diff language and culture |
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| arab americans- 2/3 are christians |
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| less than 1% of pop, immigrants from north africa,middle east (iran isnt a arabic country), and the largest group is from lebanon, highly educated, median income slightly higher than u.s average |
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| 2007 poll by pew research center- 53% |
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| reported favorable attitudes toward muslim, lower than the 76% who held favorable views to catholics and jews, identicle to % of likeing mormons and higher than 35% liking atheists |
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| gallup poll- 40% of americans |
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| openly prejudice towards muslims, same % prefer muslims be subjected to special security requirements |
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| individuals who identify as more than 1 race |
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| 1.6% of u.s pop, changed in 2 ways: absolute # of multiracial americans has increased more than 10x in last 1/2 century, and 1st time in america history significant # of americans born to parents of diff races now identify as multiracial rather than identifying w/ only one parent's race |
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| having low status on 2 diff dimensions of stratification |
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| w.j. wilson- to help blacks need to create full employment and better jobs for all americans |
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| prob faced by blacks less from current racismthan from the inheritance of poverty and changing nature of u.s economy |
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