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Definition
| institutionalized pattern of inequality in which social statuses are ranked on the basis of their access to scarce resources |
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| inequality becomes stratification |
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| when inequality is institutionalized, backed up by both social structures and by long-standing social norms, and based on membership in a group (oldest sons or blue-collar workers) rather than on personal attributes |
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| prestige, power, and money |
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| amount of social honor or value afforded one individual or group relative to another (status) |
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| ability to direct others behav. even against their wishes |
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| key difference among structures of inequality |
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| whether the categories used to distribute unequal rewards are based on ascribed or achieved statuses |
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| rely on ascribed status as basis for distributing scarce resources |
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| causes rich or poor in caste system |
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| rely on achieved statuses as basis for distributing scarce resources |
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| major determinant of rewards, not fixed at birth |
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| difference b/t class and caste |
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| not level of equality but the opportunitu for achievement |
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| changing ones social class |
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| have (bourgeoisie) and have nots (proletariat) |
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| class that owns the tools and material necessary for their work- means of production |
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| class that doesnt own the means of productions, need to support themselves by selling their labor to Bourgeoisie |
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| person's relationship to the means of production |
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| rather if he controls his own tools and his own work |
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| not how much $ or good job |
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Term
| marx- false consciousness |
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| lack of awareness of ones real position in class structure |
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| marx- class consciousness |
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Definition
| ppl understand their relationship to the means of production and recognize thier true class identity |
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| if people develope class consciousness |
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| revolutionary movement to eliminate class differences would be likely to occur |
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| weber- 3 independent dimensions that determine where people rank in stratification system |
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Definition
| class, power, status (social honor) |
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| people with the same status |
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| ppl who share roughly the same class, status, and power and who have a sense of identification with one another |
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| measure of social class that ranks individuals on income, school, work (some combo of these), does not measure how ppl identify thier own class postition |
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| $ recieved in given period of time |
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| extent to which incomes vary w/ in given population |
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| luxembourg income study- 2 of 29 industrialized nations that have more income inequality than U.S |
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| poorest 10% significantly poorer |
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| richest 10% significantly richer |
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| poorest 20% recieve only 3.4% of all personal income |
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Definition
| richest 20% recieve 50% of income |
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| work in service or retail jobs |
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| sum of value of $ and goods owned by an individual or household(savings, investments, homes, land,cars) |
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| richest 20% of households by income |
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| increased over last 2 decades, higher in U.S than any other industrialized nation |
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| kingsley davis and wilbert moore- b/c it contributes to maintenance of society |
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Definition
| stratification is necessary and justifiable |
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Term
| davis and moore- 3 factors of high reward incentives to make sure ppl are willing to preform needed tasks |
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Definition
| importance of task, pleasantness of task, scarcity of the talent and ability necessary to perform the task |
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Term
| contoversy to this theory of high rewards |
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Definition
| high demand (scarcity) can be artificially created by limiting access to jobs, social class backgrounds sex, race- more to do with who gets rewarded than scare talents and ability, many highly rewarded statuses are hardly neceddary to maintain society |
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| conflict theorists- results inequality |
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Definition
| not consensus over how to meet social needs but from class conflict (only benefits the rich) |
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| karl marx- inequality grew naturally |
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Definition
| from the private ownership of means of production |
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| power oppress those who work for them |
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| by clamming the profits from their labor |
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| traditionally female tasks such as cleaning that make it impossible for society to continue and for others to work and play |
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| inequality not always bad |
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| ppl are unequal- smarter, and some power is needed |
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| self-fulfilling prophecies |
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| something is defined as real and therefore becomes real in its consequences |
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| (microstructure) indirect inheritance model |
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Definition
kids have jobs of status similar to that of parents b/c fam status/income determine kids aspirations and opportunities |
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| (microstructure) bad economy |
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Definition
| no jobs, no matter you credentials |
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| u.s.- segmented labor market |
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| one labor market for good jobs and one for poor |
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| set of norms and values that rationalize the existing social structure |
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| everyone is equal and to get ahead you need to work hard, yet social mobility is lower in u.s. than western nations |
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| dalton conley- differential access to resources |
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Definition
| explains differences in social mobility w/in families |
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| julie bettie- 9 months observing a predominantly working class high school |
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Definition
| teachers treated students in ways that reinforced students class status- middleclass preps tracked intoadvanced classes and celebrated achievements, working class encouraged to take vocational classes, poor- ignored marginalized, expected to fail; minority- discrimited, low expectaions no matter class |
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Term
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Definition
| minimum amount of $ fam needs to have a decent standard of living- 2009 $21,834 fam of 2 adults and 2 kids |
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| 2007- 37 mill ppl (12.5%) |
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Definition
| lived in households below poverty level, classified as poor |
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| 3.5 mill americans- 40% kids |
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Definition
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| areas in which very high proportions of populations live in poverty |
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| oscar lewis- culture of poverty |
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Definition
| values that emphasis living for the moment rather than thrift, investment in future, or hard work |
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| teen pregnancy and live for the moment culture |
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| result of poverty, not a cause |
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| live in households earning just above the federal poverty level to twice the poverty level ($22,000- $44,000) |
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| work in blue collar industries, has 10-30% of unemployment, no chance raise, rarely secure, less likely to recieve pensions, insurance (dont like takeing risks or making choices), expect kids to entertain themselves and obey orders |
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Definition
| more job security and opportunities for promotion, less likely to have religious decorations and on bowling team, more likely value education and equality b/t sexes, entertain kids and explain rules |
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| 2 overlapping groups: families have had high incomes and statuses for more than a generation, and who themselves earn incomes in mills of $ |
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| 2007- richest 5% of americans |
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Definition
| u.s. fam required income of $177,000 |
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| 1/2 mill millionares in u.s. |
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Definition
| most had middle/upper class parents who sent them to excellent schools and helped them financially |
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Term
| approaches to foster equality |
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Definition
| fair wage movements (increase wages for lower class) and increase educational opportunities |
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| minimum wage $7.25 in 2009 |
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Definition
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| average life expectancy in u.s. is 77 |
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Definition
| average life expectency in Sierra Leone is 41 |
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| reduce international inequality |
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Definition
| development- raising standard of living in less developed nations |
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| development not westernization |
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Definition
process of increaseing the productivity and standard of living of a society- longer life expectations, more adequate diets, better school, housing, more consumer goods
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Term
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Definition
rich nations with considerable economic and political autonomy- 20% of world's population, 80% of worlds gross product, own 90% of worlds cars |
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Definition
nations whose living standards are worse than most developed nations |
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| least developed countries |
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Definition
| characterized by poverty and political weakness and rank low on most measures of developments- 75% of worlds populations |
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| 1/2 mill women die during childbirth in poor nations |
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Definition
| 100x more than in most developed countries |
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| 1 out of every 3 preschoolers |
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Definition
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| norway- each year, for every 1,000 births |
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Definition
| 3 kids die before their 1st birthday |
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| GDP per capita is 25% high in u.s. than canada |
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Definition
| but according to U.N. development progreamme- canadians enjoy higher life quality than u.s. |
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Definition
sees development as natural unfolding of an evolutionary process in which societies go from simple to complex economies and institutional structures |
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| transnational corporations |
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Definition
large corporations that produce and distribute goods internationally, chief actors in free-market system in which goods, services, and labor are organized to maximize profits |
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| conflict perspective on economic relationships b/t developed and developing countries, the core and peripheral societies |
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rich powerful nations economically diversified and relatively free from outside control |
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poor and weak with highly specialized economies over which they have relatively little control |
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| island of Sao Tome and Principe- cocoa crop, vulnerable to conditions beyond thier control |
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| armed conflict b/t national army (under control of gov) and other group, reflects changing relations among 3 groups: gov, armed forces, public |
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| contemporary warfare (civil warfare) |
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| often reflects changing relationships b/t countries |
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| posed by less-developed nations that either have or are attempting to develop nuclear weapons |
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Definition
| deliberate and unlawful use of voilence against civilians for political purposes, a social construction, personal experiance of inequality plays little role, largely rooted in perceived threats to national or cultural pride, poor less likely to participate |
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