Term
|
Definition
| analysis of social life that focuses on broad features of society, such as social class and the relationships of groups to one another; usually used by functionalists and conflict theorists |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| analysis of social life that focuses on social interaction; typically used by symbolic interactionists |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what people do when they are in one another's presence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the framework (or typical patterns) that surrounds us, consisting of the relationships of people and groups to one another, which gives direction to and sets limits on behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| according to Weber, a large group of people who rank close to one another in property power and prestige; according to Marx, one of two groups: capitalists who own the means of production or workers who sell their labor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the position that someone occupies in a social group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all the statuses or positions that an individual occupies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a position an individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntarily later in life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a position that is earned, accomplished, or involves at least some effort or activity on the individual's part |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| items used to identify a status |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a status that cuts across the other statuses that an individual occupies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others, also called status discrepancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the behaviors, obligations, and privileges attached to a status |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which people learn the characteristics of their group -- the knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, norms, and actions thought appropriate for them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people who have something in common and who believe what they have in common is significant; also called a social group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the organized, usual, or standard ways by which society meets its basic needs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the degree to which members of a group or society feel united by shared values and other social bonds; also known as social cohesion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Durkheim's term for the unity (a shared consciousness) that people feel as a result of performing the same or similar tasks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the splitting of a group's or a society's tasks into specialties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Durkheim's term for the interdependence that results from the division of labor; people depending on others to fulfill their jobs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of society in which life is intimate; a community in which everyone knows everyone else and people share a sense of togetherness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of society that is dominated by impersonal relationships, individual accomplishments, and self-interest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| assumptions of what people are like, whether true or false |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ways in which people use their bodies to give messages to others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an approach, pioneered by Erving Goffman, in which social life is analyzed in terms of drama or the stage; also called dramaturgical analysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people's efforts to control the impressions that others receive of them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| places where we give performances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| places where people rest from their performances, discuss their presentations, and plan future performances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ways in which someone performs as role within the limits that the role provides; showing a particular "style" or "personality" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conflicts that someone feels between roles because the expectations attached to one role are incompatible with the expectations or another role |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conflicts that someone feels within a role |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a term used by Goffman to refer to how people use social setting, appearance, and manner to communicate information about the self |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the collaboration of two or more people to manage impressions jointly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| techniques used to salvage a performance (interaction) that is going sour |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of how people use background assumptions to make sense of out of life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a deeply embedded common understanding of how the world operates and of how people ought to act |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| William I. and Dorothy S. Thomas' classic formulation of the definition of the situation: "If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences." |
|
|
Term
| Social Construction of Reality |
|
Definition
| the use of background assumptions and life experiences to define what is real |
|
|
