Term
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Definition
| Karl Marx's term for capitalists; those who own the means of production (p. 167) |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of social stratification in which one's status is determined by birth and is lifelong (p. 163) |
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Term
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Definition
| Karl Marx's term for awareness of a shared identity based on one's position in the means of production (p. 167) |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of social stratification based primarily on the possession of money or material possessions (p. 165) |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which one nation takes over another nation, usually for the purpose of exploiting its labor and natural resources (p. 180) |
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Term
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Definition
| the assumption that the values and behaviors of the poor make them fundamentally different from other people, that these factors are largely responsible for their poverty, and that parents perpetuate poverty across generations by passing these characteristics to their children (p. 181) |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that the king's authority comes directly from God (p. 171) |
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Term
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Definition
| the practice of marrying within one's own group (p. 164) |
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Term
| false class consciousness |
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Definition
| Karl Marx's term to refer to workers identifying with the interests of capitalists (p. 167) |
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Term
| globalization of capitalism |
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Definition
| capitalism (investing to make profits within a rational system) becoming the globe's dominant economic system (p. 180) |
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Term
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Definition
| the 6,000 people in the world with the greatest wealth/power concentration (p. 166) |
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Term
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Definition
| beliefs about the way things ought to be that justify social arrangements (p. 163) |
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Term
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Definition
| the tools, factories, land, and investment capital used to produce wealth (p. 167) |
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Term
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Definition
| a from of social stratification in which all positions are awarded on the basis of merit (p. 169) |
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Term
| multinational corporations |
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Definition
| companies that operate across many national boundaries, also called transnational corporations (p. 182) |
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Term
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Definition
| the economic and political dominance of the Least Industrialized Nations by the Most Industrialized Nations (p. 182) |
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Term
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Definition
| Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production (p. 167) |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of social stratification in which some people own other people (p. 162) |
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Term
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Definition
| according to Weber, a large number of people who rank close to one another in power, property, and prestige; according to Marx, one of two groups: capitalists who own the means of production or workers who sell their labor (pp. 166-168) |
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Term
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Definition
| movement up or down the social class ladder (p. 166) |
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Term
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Definition
| the division of large numbers of people into layers according to their relative power, property, and prestige; applies to both nations and to people within a nations, society, or other group (p. 162) |
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Term
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Definition
| economic and political connections that tie the world's countries together (p. 180) |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition resulting from status inconsistency (p. 195) |
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Term
| contradictory class locations |
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Definition
| Erik Wright's term for a position in the class structure that generates contradictory interests (p. 196) |
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Term
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Definition
| the assumption that values and behaviors of the poor make them fundamentally different from other people, that these factors are largely responsible for their poverty, and that parents perpetuate poverty across generations by passing these characteristics on to their children (p. 208) |
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Term
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Definition
| movement down the social class ladder (p. 202) |
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Term
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Definition
| the same number of people move both up and down the social class ladder, such that, on balance, the social class system shows little change (p. 202) |
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Term
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Definition
| a trend in U.S. poverty where most poor families are headed by women (p. 206) |
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Term
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Definition
| the belief that due to limitless possibilities anyone can get ahead if he or she tries enough (p. 209) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| intergenerational mobility |
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Definition
| the change that family members make in social class from one generation to the next (p. 202) |
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Term
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Definition
| the official measure of poverty; calculated to include those whose incomes are less than three times a low-cost food budget (p. 203) |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to carry out your will, even over the resistance of others (p. 192) |
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Term
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Definition
| C. Wright Mills' term for the top people in U.S. corporations, military, and politics who make the nation's major decisions (p. 192) |
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Term
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Definition
| respect or regard (p. 192) |
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Term
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Definition
| material possessions: animals, bank accounts, bonds, buildings, businesses, cars, furniture, land, and stocks (p. 188) |
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Term
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Definition
| according to Weber, a large number of people who rank close to one another in wealth, power, and prestige; according to Marx, one of two groups: capitalists, who own the means of production or workers, who sell their labor (p. 188) |
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Term
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Definition
| social ranking; the position that someone occupies in society or in a social group (p. 193) |
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Term
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Definition
| people ranking high or low on all three dimensions of social class (p. 193) |
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Term
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Definition
| ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others (p. 193) |
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Term
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Definition
| movement up or down the social class ladder that is due to changes in the structure of society, not to individual efforts (p. 202) |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of people for whom poverty exists year after year across generations (p. 198) |
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Term
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Definition
| movement up the social class ladder (p. 202) |
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Term
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Definition
| property and income (p. 188) |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of being absorbed into the mainstream culture (p. 227) |
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Term
| authoritarian personality |
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Definition
| Adorno's term for people who are prejudiced and rank high on scales of conformity, intolerance, insecurity, respect for authority, and submissiveness to superiors (p. 223) |
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Term
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Definition
| to separate acts from feelings or attitudes (p. 227) |
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Term
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Definition
| an act of unfair treatment directed against an individual or a group (p. 218) |
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Term
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Definition
| the group with the most power, greatest privileges, and highest social status (p. 217) |
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Term
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Definition
| activities designed to discover, enhance, or maintain ethnic and racial identification (p. 218) |
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Term
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Definition
| having distinctive cultural characteristics (p. 217) |
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Term
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Definition
| the systematic annihilation or attempted annihilation of a people based on their presumed race or ethnic group (p. 225) |
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Term
| individual discrimination |
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Definition
| the negative treatment of one person by another on the basis of that person's perceived characteristics (p. 222) |
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Term
| institutional discrimination aka systematic discrimination |
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Definition
| the negative treatment of a minority group that is built into a society's institutions (p. 222) |
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Term
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Definition
| the policy of economically exploiting a minority group (p. 227) |
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Term
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Definition
| people who are singled out for unequal treatment on the basis of their physical and cultural characteristics, and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination (p. 217) |
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Term
| multiculturalism aka pluralism |
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Definition
| a philosophy or political policy that permits or encourages groups to express their individual, unique racial and ethnic identities (p. 228) |
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Term
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Definition
| a movement that focuses on common elements in the culture of Native Americans in order to develop a cross-tribal self identity and to work towards the welfare of all Native Americans (p. 240) |
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Term
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Definition
| the diffusion of power among many interest groups that prevents any single group from gaining control of the government (p. 228) |
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Term
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Definition
| forcing a minority group to relocate (p. 227) |
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Term
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Definition
| an attitude of prejudging, usually in a negative way (p. 220) |
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Term
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Definition
| a group whose inherited physical characteristics distinguish it from other groups (p. 214) |
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Term
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Definition
| prejudice and discrimination on the basis of race (p. 220) |
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Term
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Definition
| the term used by conflict theorists for the unemployed who can be put to work during times of high production and then discarded when no longer needed (p. 224) |
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Term
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Definition
| the sense that better conditions are soon to follow, which, if unfulfilled, creates mounting frustration (p. 234) |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual or group unfairly blamed for someone else's troubles (p. 223) |
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Term
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Definition
| the policy of keeping racial or ethnic groups separated (p. 227) |
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Term
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Definition
| seeing certain features of an object or situation, but remaining blind to others (p. 224) |
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Term
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Definition
| a term used by conflict theorists for the practice of weakening the bargaining power of workers by splitting them along racial, ethnic, gender, age, or any other lines (p. 224) |
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Term
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Definition
| white Anglo-Saxon Protestant; narrowly, an American of English descent: broadly, an American of western European ancestry (p. 229) |
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Term
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Definition
| white immigrants to the U.S. whose culture differs from that of WASPs (p. 229) |
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Term
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Definition
| the view that satisfaction during old age is related to a person's level and quality of activity (p. 273) |
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Term
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Definition
| people born at roughly the same time who pass through the life course together (p. 273) |
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Term
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Definition
| prejudice, discrimination, and hostility directed against people because of their age; can be directed against any age group, including youth (p. 272) |
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Term
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Definition
| how people adjust to retirement by continuing aspects of their lives, such as roles, or coping techniques (p. 274) |
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Term
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Definition
| the view that society prevents disruption by having the elderly vacate (or disengage from) their positions of responsibility so the younger generation can step into their shoes (p. 273) |
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Term
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Definition
| the philosophy that men and women should be politically, economically, and socially equal; organized activity on behalf of this principle (p. 257) |
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Term
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Definition
| the behavior and attitudes that a society considers proper for its males and females; masculinity or femininity (p. 248) |
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Term
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Definition
| males' and females' unequal access to power, prestige, and property on the basis of their sex (p. 248) |
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Term
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Definition
| the invisible barrier that prevents women from reaching the executive suite (p. 265) |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the growing population of older people in the U.S. population (p. 269) |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of years that an average newborn can expect to live to (p. 269) |
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Term
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Definition
| the maximum possible length of the life of a species (p. 271) |
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Term
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Definition
| a society or group in which men dominate women; authority is invested in males (p. 254) |
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Term
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Definition
| biological characteristics that distinguish females and males, consisting of primary and secondary sex characteristics (p. 248) |
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Term
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Definition
| the abuse of one's position of authority to force unwanted sexual demands on someone (p. 265) |
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Term
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Definition
| similar to the "glass ceiling" concept, where men start jobs with higher salaries than women (p. 265) |
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