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| Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore |
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| these functionalists developed the theory of stratification that suggests inequality is universal because it helps societies survive by motivating the most qualified members of society to strive to fill the most important social positions. (p. 169) |
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| This economist argued that the Least Industrialized Nations remain poor because their own culture holds them back. (p. 181) |
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| Harrington saw that colonialism had been replaced by neocolonialism. (p. 182) |
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| She has studied poverty in the Least Industrialized Nations. (p. 175) |
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| Offered a synthesis of the functionalist and conflict views of stratification. (p. 171) |
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| Historian noted that women were the first people who were enslaved as a result of war and conquest. (p. 163) |
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| The anthropologist who first suggested the reason some people are poor is because they live in a vulture of poverty. (p. 181) |
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| Marx concluded that social class depended exclusively on the means of production; an individual's social class depended on whether or not he owned the means of production. (p. 167) |
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| Argued that every society is inevitably stratified by power. (p. 170) |
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| The first to offer a criticism of the functionalist view on stratification. (p. 169) |
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| Proposed a world system theory to explain global stratification. (p. 180) |
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| Argued that social class was based on three components- class, status, and power. (p. 168) |
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| Drawing upon the work of C. Wright Mills, he analyzed the workings of the ruling class (p. 192) |
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| Dennis Gilbert and Joseph Kahl |
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| developed a more contemporary stratification model based on Max Weber's work (p. 196) |
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| In research on status inconsistency, studied tenant reactions to janitors who earned more than they did. Found that the tenants acted "snooty" to the janitors, and at the same time the janitors took pleasure in knowing then intimate details of the tenants' lives. (p. 193) |
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| Daniel Hellinger and Dennis Judd |
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| In analyzing the exercise of power in the United States, suggest that there is a "democratic facade" that conceals the real sources of power within this society (p. 192) |
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| Elizabeth Higginbotham and Lynn Weber |
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| Studied mobility patterns for women. Found that those women who experienced upward mobility were most likely to have strong parental support to defer marriage and get an education (p. 202) |
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| Noted that everyone wants to maximize their status, but are often judged on the basis of their lowest status despite the individual's efforts to be judged on the basis of their highest status. (p. 193) |
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| Used the term power elite to describe the top decision makers in the nation (p. 192) |
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| Expanded the concept of social class beyond economics-one's relationship to the means of production-to include power and prestige as well (p. 188) |
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| Proposed an updated version of Marx's theory of stratification (p. 196) |
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| Identified the authoritarian personality type. (p. 223) |
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| demonstrated that racism was the result, not the cause, of belonging to racist social groups (p. 220) |
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| In an experiment, this psychologist found that students directed frustrations onto people who had nothing to do with their problem (p. 223) |
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| N. Dasgupta, and A.G. Greenwald |
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| discovered that negative stereotypes of race are associated with certain colors for all races (pp. 220-221) |
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| Identified four factors that affect an individual's sense of ethnic identity (p. 218) |
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| First suggested that prejudice is the result of frustration and scapegoats become the targets for people's frustrations (p. 223) |
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| Famous black scholar who stressed the salience of race in the United States, and supported the notion of a split labor market (p. 224) |
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| Discovered the basic ideology of the KKK, and the social psychological reasons members joined (p. 220) |
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| Known for his work on prejudice, Hartley found that people who are prejudiced against one racial or ethnic group tend to be prejudiced against others and that prejudice is not necessarily based on personal negative experiences. (p.220) |
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| Pointed out that some scientists have classified humans into two races while others have identified as many as two thousand. (p. 214) |
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| Alejandro Portes and Ruben Rumbaut |
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| Looked at the impact that immigration has had on our country, noting that there has always been an anti-immigrant sentiment present (p. 242) |
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| Examined the results of affirmative action, concluding that it has had only a modest impact on hiring, promotion, and college admissions. (p 242) |
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| Muzafer and Carolyn Sherif |
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| Researched the functions of prejudice and found that it builds in-group solidarity. (p. 224) |
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| Known for his work on racial discrimination, argues that class is a more important factor than race in explaining patterns of inequality. (p. 236) |
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| Offered a sociological definition of a minority group. (p. 217) |
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| Coined the term "ageism" to refer to prejudice, discrimination, and hostility directed against people because of their age. (p. 272) |
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| Studied the second wave of feminism in the 1960s, noting that as large numbers of women began to work in the economy, they began to compare their working conditions with those of men. (p. 257) |
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| Elaine Cumming and William Henry |
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| Developed disengagement theory to explain how society prevents disruption when the elderly vacate their positions of responsibility. (p. 273) |
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| A colleague of Karl Marx and wrote a book about the origins of the family in which he argued that male dominance developed with the origin of private property, (p. 255) |
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| Participatory observation in a hospital uncovered evidence of doctors' recommending unnecessary surgery for female patients (p. 259) |
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| suggested that male dominance grew out of the greater physical strength that men had which made them better suited for the hand-to-hand combat of tribal societies; women became the reward to entice men into battle (p. 255) |
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| Did his field work during the 1920s among the Tiwi of Australia (p. 268) |
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| Argued that gender inequality should be a background condition first, rather that a goal (p. 267) |
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| Suggested that patriarchy may have had different origins in different places around the world (p. 251) |
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| suggested that women are better prepared biologically for "mothering" than are men (p. 248) |
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