Term
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Definition
| positions that are earned or accomplished, or that involve at least some effort or activity on the individual's part (p. 89) |
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Term
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Definition
| those who were able to accumulate a huge food surplus after the invention of the plow (p. 93) |
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Term
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Definition
| positions an individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntarily later in life (p. 89) |
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Term
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Definition
| deeply embedded common understandings, or basic rules, concerning our view of the world and how people ought to act (p. 104) |
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Term
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Definition
| where the economy centers on applying and altering genetic structures to produce food, medicine, and materials (p. 94) |
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Term
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Definition
| the ways people use their bodies to give messages to others (p. 101) |
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Term
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Definition
| the splitting of a group's or a society's tasks into specialties (p. 96) |
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Term
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Definition
| an approach, pioneered by Erving Goffman, in which social life is analyzed in terms of drama or the stage; also called dramaturgical analysis (p. 101) |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of how people use background assumptions to make sense of life (p. 104) |
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Term
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Definition
| techniques people use to salvage a performance that is going sour (p. 102) |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of society in which life is intimate; a community in which everyone knows everyone else and people share a sense of togetherness (p. 96) |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of society that is dominated by impersonal relationships, individual accomplishments, and self-interest (p. 96) |
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Term
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Definition
| people who have something in common and who believe that what they have in common is important; also called a social group (p. 90) |
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Term
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Definition
| a society based on cultivating plants by the use of tools (p. 92) |
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Term
| hunting and gathering society |
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Definition
| a human group dependent on hunting and gathering for survival (p. 92) |
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Term
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Definition
| people's efforts to control the impressions that others receive of them (pp. 101-102) |
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Term
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Definition
| the third social revolution occurring when machines powered by fuels replaced most animal and human power (p. 94) |
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Term
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Definition
| an efficient society with greater surplus and inequality (p. 94) |
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Term
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Definition
| analysis of social life that focuses on broad features of social structure, such as social class and the relationships of groups to one another; an approach usually used by functionalists and conflict theorists (p. 86) |
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Term
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Definition
| a status that cuts across the other statuses that an individual occupies (p. 89) |
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Term
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Definition
| Durkheim's term for the unity (a shared consciousness) that people feel as a result of performing the same or similar tasks (p. 96) |
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Term
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Definition
| analysis of social life that focuses on social interaction; an approach usually used by symbolic interactionists (p. 86) |
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Term
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Definition
| solidarity based on the interdependence that results from the division of labor; people needing others to fulfill their jobs (p. 96) |
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Term
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Definition
| a society based on the pasturing of animals (p. 92) |
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Term
| postindustrial (information) society |
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Definition
| a new type of society based on information, services, and the latest technology rather than on raw materials and manufacturing (p. 94) |
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Term
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Definition
| the behaviors, obligations, and privileges attached to a status (p. 90) |
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Term
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Definition
| conflicts that someone feels between roles because the expectations attached to one role are incompatible with the expectations of another role (p. 102) |
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Term
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Definition
| the particular emphasis or interpretation that we give to a role (p. 101) |
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Term
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Definition
| conflicts that someone feels within a role (p. 102) |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual thought to be able to influence spiritual forces (P. 92) |
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Term
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Definition
| according to Weber, a large number of people who rank close to one another in wealth, power, and prestige; according to Marx, one of two groups: capitalists who own the means of production or workers who sell their labor (p. 88) |
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Term
| social construction of reality |
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Definition
| the use of background assumptions and life experiences to define what is real (p. 104) |
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Term
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Definition
| the organized, usual, or standard ways by which society meets its basic needs (p. 90) |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which members of a society are united by shared values and other social bonds (p. 96) |
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Term
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Definition
| what people do when they are in one another's presence (p. 86) |
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Term
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Definition
| the framework that surrounds us, consisting of the relationship of people and groups to one another, which give direction to and set limits on behavior (p. 86) |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which people learn the characteristics of their group-the knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, and actions thought appropriate for them (p. 90) |
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Term
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Definition
| people who share a culture and a territory (p. 91) |
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Term
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Definition
| social ranking; the position that someone occupies in society or a social group (p. 88) |
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Term
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Definition
| a contradiction or mismatch between statuses; a condition in which a person ranks high on some dimensions of social class and low on others (p. 89) |
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Term
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Definition
| all the statuses or positions that an individual occupies (p. 89) |
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Term
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Definition
| items used to identify a status (p. 89) |
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Term
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Definition
| the collaboration of two or more people to manage impressions jointly (p. 102) |
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Term
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Definition
| William I. and Dorothy S. Thomas' classic formulation of the definition of the situation: "If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences." (p. 104) |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals who temporarily share the same physical space but do not see themselves as belonging together (p. 112) |
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Term
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Definition
| Marx's term for the workers' lack of connection to the product of their labor; caused by their being assigned repetitive tasks on a small part of a product, which leads to a sense of powerlessness and normlessness; also used in the general sense of not feeling a part of something (p. 121) |
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Term
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Definition
| a leader who leads by giving orders (p. 126) |
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Term
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Definition
| a formal organization with a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor; emphasis on written rules, communications, and records; and impersonality of positions (p. 118) |
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Term
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Definition
| people who have similar characteristics (p. 112) |
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Term
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Definition
| a cluster of people within a larger group who choose to interact with one another; an internal faction (p. 117) |
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Term
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Definition
| the alignment of some members of a group against others (p. 124) |
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Term
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Definition
| the orientations that characterize corporate work settings (p. 123) |
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Term
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Definition
| a leader who leads by trying to reach a consensus (p. 126) |
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Term
| diffusion of responsibility |
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Definition
| individuals are less likely to help others in a large group (p. 125) |
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Term
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Definition
| the smallest possible group, consisting of two people (p. 124) |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals who regularly interact with one another on the Internet and who think of themselves as belonging together (p. 117) |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual who increases harmony and minimizes conflict in a group; also know as a socioemotional leader (p. 126) |
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Term
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Definition
| the adoption of new goals by an organization; also know as goal replacement (p. 119) |
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Term
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Definition
| people who have something in common and who believe that what they have in common is significant; also called a social group (p. 112) |
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Term
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Definition
| the ways in which individuals affect groups and groups influence individuals (p. 124) |
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Term
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Definition
| Irving Janis term for a narrowing of thought by a group of people leading to the perception that there is only one correct answer; to suggest alternatives becomes a sign of disloyalty (p. 129) |
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Term
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Definition
| groups toward which one feels loyalty (p. 114) |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual who tries to keep the group moving toward its goals; also know as a task oriented leader (p. 126) |
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Term
| (the) iron law of oligarchy |
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Definition
| Robert Michels' phrase for the tendency of formal organizations to be dominated by a small, self-perpetuating elite (p. 114) |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual who leads by being highly permissive (p. 126) |
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Term
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Definition
| someone who influences other people (p. 125) |
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Term
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Definition
| ways in which people express their leadership (p. 126) |
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Term
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Definition
| groups toward which one feels antagonism (p. 114) |
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Term
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Definition
| Laurence Peter's term for an employee of a bureaucracy being promoted to his or her level of incompetence (p. 121) |
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Term
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Definition
| a group characterized by intimate, long-term, face-to-face association and cooperation (p. 112) |
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Term
| (the) rationalization of society |
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Definition
| a widespread acceptance of rationality and a social organization largely built around this idea (p. 119) |
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Term
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Definition
| Herbert Hyman's term for groups we uses as standards to evaluate ourselves (p. 115) |
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Term
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Definition
| compared with a primary group, a larger, relatively temporary, more anonymous, formal, and impersonal group based on some interest or activity, whose members are likely to interact on the basis of specific roles (p. 114) |
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Term
|
Definition
| a group small enough for everyone to interact directly with all the other members (p. 124) |
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Term
|
Definition
| the social ties radiating outward from the self that link people together (p. 116) |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of three people (p. 124) |
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Term
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Definition
| a group made up of people who voluntarily organize on the basis of some mutual interest, also know as voluntary memberships (p. 114) |
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Term
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Definition
| the death penalty (p. 152) |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that two control systems-inner controls and outer controls- work against our tendencies to deviate (p. 138) |
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Term
|
Definition
| the violation of rules or norms (p. 134) |
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Term
|
Definition
| the system of police, courts, and prisons set up to deal with people who are accused of having committed a crime (p. 147) |
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Term
|
Definition
| the legitimate objectives held out to the members of a society (p. 142) |
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Term
|
Definition
| the violation of rules or norms (p. 134) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Edwin Sutherlands's term to indicate that associating with some groups results in learning an "excess of definitions" of deviance, and, by extension, in a greater likelihood that one will become deviant (p. 137) |
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Term
|
Definition
| inborn tendencies, in this context, to commit deviant acts (p. 136) |
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Term
|
Definition
| crimes to which more severe penalties are attached because they are motivated by hatred (dislike, animosity) of someone's race-ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, disability, or national origin (p. 155) |
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Term
| illegitimate opportunity structure |
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Definition
| opportunities for crimes that are woven into the texture of life (p. 144) |
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Term
|
Definition
| approved ways of reaching cultural goals (p. 142) |
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Term
|
Definition
| the view, developed by symbolic interactionists, that the labels people are given affect their own and others' perceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior either into deviance or into conformity (p. 139) |
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Term
| medicalization of deviance |
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Definition
| to make some deviance a medical matter, a symptom of some underlying illness that needs to be treated by physicians (p. 156) |
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Term
|
Definition
| an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm; ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as s frown to a more formal reaction such as a prison sentence or an execution (p. 136) |
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Term
|
Definition
| the view that a personality disturbance of some sort causes an individual to violate social norms (p. 137) |
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Term
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Definition
| a reward given for following norms, ranging from a smile to a prize. (p. 136) |
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Term
|
Definition
| the proportion of people who are rearrested (p.. 152) |
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Term
|
Definition
| a group's formal and informal means of enforcing its norms (p. 136) |
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Term
|
Definition
| a group's usual and customary social arrangements, on which its members depend on and which they base their lives (p. 136) |
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Term
|
Definition
| "blemishes" that discredit a person's claim to a "normal" identity (p. 134) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Robert Merton's term for the strain engendered when a society socializes large numbers of people to desire a cultural goal (such as success) but withholds from many the approved means to reach that goal; one adaptation of crime, the choice of an innovative but illegitimate means (one outside the approved system) to attain the cultural goal (p. 142) |
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Term
|
Definition
| crimes such as mugging, rape, and burglary (p. 136) |
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Term
| techniques of neutralization |
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Definition
| ways of thinking or rationalizing that help people deflect society's norms (p. 139) |
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Term
| white-collar crime (corporate crime) |
|
Definition
| Edwin Sutherland's term for crimes committed by people of respectable and high social status in the course of their occupations; examples include bribery of public officials, securities violations, embezzlement, false advertising, and price fixing (p. 145) |
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