Term
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Definition
| people or groups that affect our self-concept, attitudes, behaviors, or other orientations toward life (p. 72) |
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Term
| anticipatory socialization |
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Definition
| the process of learning in advance a role or status one anticipates having (p. 77) |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of sociology to solve problems- from the micro level of classroom interaction and family relationships to the macro level of crime and pollution. (p. 12) |
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Term
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Definition
| sociological research for the purpose of making discoveries about life in human groups, not for making changes in those groups; also called pure sociology (p. 12) |
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Term
| bourgeoisie (boo-shwa-ZEE) |
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Definition
| Marx's term for capitalists, those who own the means of production (p. 6) |
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Term
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Definition
| an intensive analysis of a single event, situation, or individual (p. 26) |
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Term
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Definition
| Marx's term for the struggle between capitalists and workers (pp. 6-7) |
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Term
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Definition
| questions that are followed by a list of possible answers to be selected by the respondent (p. 24) |
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Term
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Definition
| a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for scare resources (p. 18) |
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Term
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Definition
| the subjects in an experiment who are not exposed to the independent variable (p. 28) |
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Term
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Definition
| a group whose values, beliefs, norms, and related behaviors place its members in opposition to the broader culture (p. 47) |
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Term
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Definition
| the spread of cultural traits from one group to another; includes both material and non-material cultural traits (p. 54) |
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Term
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Definition
| Ogburn's terms for human behavior lagging behind technological innovations (p. 54) |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which cultures become similar to one another; refers especially to the process by which Western culture is being exported and diffused into other nations (p. 55) |
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Term
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Definition
| not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms (p. 37) |
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Term
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Definition
| the language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that characterize a group and are passed from one generation to the next (p. 36) |
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Term
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Definition
| the disorientation that people experience when they come in contact with a fundamentally different culture and can no longer depend on their taken-for-granted assumptions about life (pp. 37-38) |
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Term
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Definition
| a term coined by Harold Garfinkel to refer to a ritual whose goal is to remake someone's self by stripping away that individual's self-identity and stamping a new identity in its place (p. 77) |
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Term
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Definition
| a factor in an experiment that is changed by an independent variable (p. 28) |
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Term
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Definition
| in its narrow sense, written sources that provide data; in its extended sense, archival material of any sort, including photographs, movies, CDs, DVDs, an so on (p. 28) |
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Term
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Definition
| Freud's term for a balancing force between the id and the demands of society (p. 67) |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of one's own culture as a yardstick for judging the ways of other individuals or societies, generally leading to a negative evaluation of their values, norms, and behaviors (p. 37) |
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Term
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Definition
| the group of subjects in an experiment who are exposed to the independent variable (p. 28) |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of control and experimental groups and dependent and independent variables to test causation (p. 28) |
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Term
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Definition
| children assumed to have been raised by animals, in the wilderness, isolated from humans (p. 60) |
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Term
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Definition
| participating in a research setting in order to observe what is happening in that setting; also called participant observation (p. 26) |
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Term
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Definition
| norms that are not strictly enforced (p. 46) |
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Term
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Definition
| a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of various parts, each with a function that, when fulfilled, contributes to society's equilibrium; also known as functionalism and structural functionalism (pp. 16-18) |
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Term
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Definition
| the behaviors and attitudes that a group considers proper for its males and females; masculinity or femininity (p. 69) |
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Term
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Definition
| the behaviors and attitudes expected of people because they are female or a male (p. 70) |
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Term
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Definition
| the ways in which society sets children on different paths in life because they are male or female (p. 69) |
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Term
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Definition
| the norms, values, attitudes, and expectations of people "in general"; the child's ability to take the role of the generalized other is a significant step in the development of a self (p. 65) |
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Term
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Definition
| the ways in which people use their bodies to communicate with one another (p. 40) |
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Term
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Definition
| a statement of how variables are expected to be related to one another, often according to predictions from a theory (p. 20) |
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Term
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Definition
| Freud's term for our inborn basic drives (p. 67) |
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Term
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Definition
| a people's ideal values and norms; the goals held out for them (as opposed to real culture)(p. 53) |
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Term
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Definition
| a factor that causes a change in another variable, called the dependent variable (p. 28) |
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Term
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Definition
| a system of symbols that can be combined in an infinite number of ways and can represent not only objects but also abstract thought (pp. 42-43) |
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Term
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Definition
| the stages of our life as we go from birth to death (p. 78) |
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Term
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Definition
| a term coined by Charles Horton Cooley to refer to the process by which our self develops through internalizing others' reactions to us (p. 64) |
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Term
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Definition
| an examination of large-scale patterns of (pp. 19-20) |
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Term
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Definition
| forms of communication, such as radio, newspapers, and television that are directed to mass audiences (p. 70) |
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Term
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Definition
| the material objects that distinguish a group of people, such as their art, buildings, weapons, utensils, machines, hairstyles, clothing, and jewelry (p. 36) |
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Term
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Definition
| an examination of small-scaled patterns of society (pp. 19-20) |
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Term
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Definition
| norms that are strictly enforced because they are thought essential to core values or the well-being of the group (p. 46) |
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Term
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Definition
| an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a prison sentence or an execution (p. 46) |
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Term
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Definition
| the emerging technologies of an era that have a significant impact on social life (p. 55) |
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Term
| non-material (symbolic) culture |
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Definition
| a group's ways of thinking (including its beliefs, values, and other assumptions about the world) and doing (its common patterns of behavior; including language and other forms of interaction); also called symbolic culture (p. 36) |
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Term
|
Definition
| communication without words through gestures, use of space, silence, and so on (p. 19) |
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Term
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Definition
| what is expected of people; the expectations (or rules) intended to guide people's behavior (p. 45) |
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Term
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Definition
| value neutrality in research (p. 31) |
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Term
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Definition
| questions that respondents answer in their own words (p. 24) |
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Term
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Definition
| the way in which a researcher measures a variable (p. 20) |
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Term
| participant observation aka fieldwork |
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Definition
| participating in a research setting in order to observe what is happening in that setting (p. 26) |
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Term
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Definition
| a group if individuals of roughly the same age who are linked by common interests (p. 70) |
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Term
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Definition
| a society made up of many different groups (p. 50) |
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Term
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Definition
| a target group to be studied (p. 22) |
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Term
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Definition
| a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a material reward (p. 46) |
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Term
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Definition
| the application of the scientific method to the social world (p. 6) |
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Term
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Definition
| Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production (p. 6) |
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Term
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Definition
| sociology being used for the public good; especially the sociological perspective (of how things are related to one another) guiding politicians and policy makers (p. 12) |
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Term
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Definition
| a sample in which everyone in the target population has the same chance of being included in the study (p. 22) |
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Term
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Definition
| a feeling of trust between researchers and the people they are studying (p. 26) |
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Term
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Definition
| the norms and values that people actually follow (as opposed to ideal culture) (p. 53) |
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Term
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Definition
| the extent to which research produces consistent or dependable results (p. 21) |
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Term
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Definition
| duplicating some research in order to test its findings (p. 31) |
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Term
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Definition
| one of six procedures that sociologists use to collect data: surveys, participant observation, secondary analysis, documents, experiments, and unobtrusive measures; also called a research design (pp. 20-21) |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors (p. 77) |
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Term
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Definition
| people who respond to a survey, either in interview or by self-administered questionnaires (p. 23) |
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Term
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Definition
| the individuals intended to represent the population to be studied (p. 22) |
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Term
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Definition
| either expressions of approval given to people for upholding norms or expressions of disapproval for violating them (p. 46) |
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Term
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Definition
| Edward Sapir's and Benjamin Whorf's hypothesis that language creates ways of thinking and perceiving (p. 44) |
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Term
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Definition
| the application of systematic methods to obtain knowledge and the knowledge obtained by those methods (p. 5) |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of objective, systematic observations to test theories (p. 5) |
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Term
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Definition
| the analysis of data that have been collected by other researchers (p. 28) |
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Term
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Definition
| the unique human capacity of being able to see ourselves "from the outside"; the views we internalize of how others see us (p. 64) |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals who significantly influences someone else's life (p. 64) |
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Term
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Definition
| the entire human environment, including direct contact with others (p. 60) |
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Term
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Definition
| a social condition in which privileges and obligations are given to some but denied to others (p. 72) |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which members of a group or a society are united by shared norms, behaviors, and other social bonds; also know as social cohesion (p. 7) |
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Term
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Definition
| what people do when they are in one another's presence (p. 19) |
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Term
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Definition
| the group memberships that people have because of their location in history and society (p. 4) |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which people learn the characteristics of their group- the knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, norms, and actions thought appropriate for them (p. 63) |
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Term
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Definition
| people who share a culture and a territory (p. 4) |
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Term
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Definition
| understanding human behavior by placing it within its broader social context (p. 4) |
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Term
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Definition
| the scientific study of society and human behavior (p. 6) |
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Term
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Definition
| a sample from selected subgroups of the target population in which everyone in those subgroups has an equal chance of being included in the research (p. 22) |
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Term
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Definition
| the values and related behaviors of a group that distinguish its members from the larger culture; a world within a world (pp. 46-47) |
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Term
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Definition
| Freud's term for the conscience; the internalized norms and values of our social groups (p. 67) |
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Term
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Definition
| the collection of data by having people answer a series of questions (pp. 21-22) |
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Term
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Definition
| something to which people attach meanings and then use to communicate with others (p. 40) |
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Term
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Definition
| another term for non-material culture (p. 40) |
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Term
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Definition
| a theoretical perspective in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another (p. 15) |
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Term
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Definition
| a norm so strong that it often brings revulsion if violated (p. 46) |
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Term
| taking the role of the other |
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Definition
| putting oneself in someone else's shoes; understanding how someone else feels and thinks and thus anticipating how that person will act (p. 64) |
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Term
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Definition
| in its narrow sense, tools; its broader sense includes the skills or procedures necessary to make and use those tools (p. 53) |
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Term
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Definition
| a general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work; an explanation of how two or more facts are related to one another (p. 15) |
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Term
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Definition
| a place that is almost totally controlled by those who run it, in which people are cut off from the rest of society and the society is mostly cut off from them (p. 77) |
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Term
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Definition
| a term that refers to a period following high school (and often college), when young adults have not yet taken on the responsibilities ordinarily associated with adulthood; also called adolescence (pp. 80-81) |
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Term
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Definition
| ways of observing people so they do not know they are being studied (p. 28) |
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Term
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Definition
| the extent to which an operational definition measures what it is intended to measure (pp. 20-21) |
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Term
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Definition
| values that together form a larger whole (p. 51) |
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Term
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Definition
| values that contradict one another; to follow the one means to comes into conflict with the other (p. 51) |
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Term
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Definition
| the view that a sociologist's personal values or biases should not influence social research (p. 31) |
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Term
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Definition
| the standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly (p. 31) |
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Term
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Definition
| factors thought be be significant for human behavior, which can vary (or change) from one case to another (p. 20) |
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Term
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Definition
| The founder of Hull-House, a settlement house for those in need from the immigrant community of Chicago. 1931 winner of the Nobel Peace Prize (p. 10) |
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Term
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Definition
| His participant observation research notes were subpoenaed during an investigation into a restaurant fire. He would not turn over his notes and was threatened with jail. (p. 30) |
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Term
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Definition
| Often credited with being the founder of sociology, he was the first to suggest that the scientific method be applied to the study of the social world. (p. 6) |
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Term
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Definition
| He pointed out that conflict is likely to develop among people in close relationships because they are connected by a network of responsibilities, power, and rewards. (P. 18) |
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Term
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Definition
| The first African American to earn a doctorate at Harvard University. He taught sociology at Atlanta University. He was concerned about social injustice, wrote about race relations, and was one of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. (pp. 10-11) |
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Term
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Definition
| Responsible for getting sociology recognized as a separate discipline. He was interested in studying how social forces shape individual behavior. (p. 7) |
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Term
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Definition
| He carried out doctoral research on homosexual activity. He misrepresented himself to his research subjects and a debate developed over his use of questionable ethics. (pp. 30-31) |
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Term
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Definition
| Englishwoman who studied British and United States social life and published Society in America decades before either Durkheim or Weber were born. (pp. 9-10) |
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Term
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Definition
| Believed that social development grew out of conflict between social classes; under capitalism this conflict was between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. His work is associated with the conflict perspective. (pp. 6-7) |
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Term
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Definition
| Contributed the terms manifest, latent functions, and latent dysfunctions to the functional perspective. (pp. 16-17) |
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Term
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Definition
| Suggested that external influences-or a person's experiences- become part of his/her thinking and motivations and explain social behavior. In the 1950s he urged United States sociologists to get back to social reform, arguing that research without theory is of little value but simply a collection of unrelated facts, and theory that is unconnected to research is abstract and empty, unlikely to represent the way life really is. (p. 12) |
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Term
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Definition
| His work dominated sociology in the 1940s-1950s. He developed abstract models showing how the parts of society harmoniously work together. (p. 12) |
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Term
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Definition
| An early social philosopher, he believed that societies evolve from barbarian to civilized dorms. He first used the expression "the survival of the fittest" to reflect his belief that social evolution depended on the survival of the most capable and intelligent and the extinction of the less capable. His views became known as social Darwinism. (p. 6) |
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Term
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Definition
| A professor who studied gang members and became a "rogue" leader of a gang for a day. (p. 28) |
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Term
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Definition
| Studied the relationship between the emergence of the Protestant belief system and the rise of capitalism. He believed that sociologists should not allow their personal values to affect their social research and that objectivity should become the hallmark of sociology. (pp. 7-8) |
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Term
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Definition
| a temporary suspension of norms (p. 46) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Attacked the concept of cultural relativism, suggesting that because some cultures endanger their people's health, happiness, or survival, there should be a scale to evaluate cultures on their quality of life. (p. 39) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Coined the term cultural lag. (p. 54) |
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Term
| Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf |
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Definition
| Anthropologists that argued that language not only reflects thoughts and perceptions, but that it actually shapes the way a people perceive the world. (pp. 43-45) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Developed the concept of ethnocentrism. (p. 37) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Identified ten core values in United States society. (pp. 50-51) |
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Term
| concrete operational stage |
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Definition
| ages 7-12 although our reasoning abilities are more developed at this age, they remain concrete (p. 66) |
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Term
|
Definition
| age 12+ during this stage we are capable of abstract thinking (p. 66) |
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Term
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Definition
| Mead's term for the self as subject, the active, spontaneous, creative part of the self. (p. 65) |
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Term
|
Definition
| ages 2-7 during this stage, we develop the ability to use symbols (p. 66) |
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Term
|
Definition
| ages 0-2 during this stage, our understanding is limited to direct contact with the environment (p. 66) |
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Term
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Definition
| Studied how peer groups influenced gender socialization in elementary schools. (p.75) |
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Term
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Definition
| Studied paintings form the Middle Ages to learn more about past notions of childhood. (p. 78) |
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Term
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Definition
| Studied the development of the self, coining the term the looking-glass self. (p. 64) |
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Term
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Definition
| Studied how peer groups influence gender role socialization among girls. (p. 70) |
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Term
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Definition
| Developed a theory of personality development that took into consideration inborn drives (id), the internalized norms and values of one's society (superego), and the individual's ability to balance the two competing forces (ego). (p. 67) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Studied the process of resocialization withing total institutions. (p. 77) |
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Term
| Susan Goldberg and Michael Lewis |
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Definition
| Psychologists who studied how parents' unconscious expectations about gender behavior are communicated to their young children. ( p. 70) |
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Term
| Harry and Margaret Harlow |
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Definition
| Psychologists who studied the behavior of monkeys raised in isolation and found that the length of time they were in isolation affected their ability to overcome the effects of isolation. (p. 63) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Has done extensive research on the social class differences in child-rearing patterns. (pp. 73-74) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Emphasized the importance of play in the development of self-esteem in men. (p. 64) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Examined how peer groups influence gender role socialization among boys. (p. 70) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Studied the development of reasoning skills in children. (p. 66) |
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Term
| H. M . Skeels and H. B. Dye |
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Definition
| Psychologists who studied the impact that close social interaction had on the social and intellectual development of institutionalized children. (p. 62) |
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