Term
| How does religion play important roles in people's lives? |
|
Definition
-important role in history
-understand/influence peoples' cultures
-it helps humans identify and understand themselves
-can cause/influence social movements |
|
|
Term
| what are sociologists NOT looking for when it comes to religion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what ARE sociologists looking for when it comes to religion? |
|
Definition
| the influences of religion |
|
|
Term
| what are some ways that are influences of religion? |
|
Definition
-correlates of religion
-association between various events and religious expression
-processes/influences on social life
-See religion as a social accomplishment |
|
|
Term
| what are the units of analysis in religion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| individuals, small groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does a sociologist define religion? |
|
Definition
-must be broad enough to include all religions
-must be specific enough to distinguish religion from quasi/pseudo religions
-free of bias |
|
|
Term
| How does Durkheim define a religion? |
|
Definition
| -unified into single community with beliefs and practices that separate sacred from secular and "forbidden" |
|
|
Term
| Durkheim's religion cont. |
|
Definition
-eminently social-community
-beliefs
-practices-rituals (formal/informal) and moral behaviors
-the sacred |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a ritual that is sanctioned by the church |
|
|
Term
| what is an informal ritual? |
|
Definition
| things that you do to express religion but are not necessarily instructed by church |
|
|
Term
| what is considered Profane? |
|
Definition
things that consist within the realm of routine experience (NOT NECESSARILY BAD!)
-secular
-everyday life of work, toil, duties, etc.
-things you have to do to survive basically |
|
|
Term
| what is considered Sacred? |
|
Definition
objects/behaviors that are part of the religious realm
-evokes an attitude of awe and reverence
-goes beyond the profane (opposite of profane) |
|
|
Term
| how do Sociologists define religion? |
|
Definition
| a system of beliefs and practices by which a group of people interprets and responds to what they feel is sacred and, usually supernatural. (Johnstane) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-resembles religion
-lacks one/more of the elements to religion(usually community)
-The ISMs: atheism, humanism, socialism, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if only one person believes something, then it's spiritual not religion |
|
|
Term
| why are more people becoming more spiritual instead of religious? |
|
Definition
| the term religion seems to have taken on a negative connotation and can be used to described organized religion |
|
|
Term
| how do functionalists view macro religion? |
|
Definition
Religion gives us purpose:
-reinforces social integration
-legitimizes norms/values in society |
|
|
Term
| how do conflict theorists see macro religion? |
|
Definition
-religion creates tension/conflict between groups
-don't see it as functional
-"opiate (calms,chills out) of the masses" |
|
|
Term
| what are the three micro theories? |
|
Definition
-rational choice
-learning/role theory
-identity theory/symbolic interaction |
|
|
Term
| what does Rational Choice believe? |
|
Definition
religion is a real part of human behavior.
-based on the notion that humans are rational actors |
|
|
Term
| what are two things that help determine rational choice? |
|
Definition
-cost/penetit analysis
-based on an economic model |
|
|
Term
| what micro theory thinks that individual religious beliefs/practices are learned from society? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what micro theory believes that people occupy various positions and statuses (each contains expectations called roles)and each individual learns how to carry out these roles through the people around them? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which micro theory emphasizes feelings, emotions, perceptions and loyalties, and that through this a person creates a sense of self/identity? |
|
Definition
| identity theory/SYMBOLIC INTERACTION |
|
|
Term
| what micro theory believes that a person acts of the basis of identity, and that this identity is the basis of religious beliefs/practices? |
|
Definition
| Identity theory/SYMBOLIC INTERACTION |
|
|
Term
| what is one current issue with the world when it comes to religion? |
|
Definition
| the world is becoming more secularized |
|
|
Term
| what are two things that cause secularization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| religious pluralism was created when Martin Luther revolts against the Catholic Church |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| beginnings of what is commonly called modernization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does Max Weber say about Capitalism and why it flourishes in some places and not in others? |
|
Definition
| the "spirit" of capitalism lies in Ben Franklin's writings: "Time is money", "A penny saved is a penny earned" |
|
|
Term
| how does the protestant ethic play into capitalism? |
|
Definition
(the two main branches of protestantism when the country was being founded) Lutheran: all worldy occupations could be seen as religiously inspired called
Calvinism: predestination and salvation anxiety (feel they must work hard) |
|
|
Term
| what is an argument against this theory that Weber says Calvinists play in capitalism? |
|
Definition
-wealth accumulation doesn't fit with the calvinist tradition
-calvinists were barred from political office |
|
|
Term
| what is collective behavior? |
|
Definition
| extraordinary activities carried out by groups of people (herd mentality-spontaneous, but can be predicted) |
|
|
Term
| what did Gustav LeBon say about the Collective Mind? |
|
Definition
| People feel anonymous in big groups, so they feel less accountable for their actions (feel invincible)ex: "what are they going to do? Fire us all??" |
|
|
Term
| what is "milling behavior"? |
|
Definition
| walking around talking to people about the thing that is making you upset (it makes you more upset) |
|
|
Term
| how is the way crowds act together predictable? |
|
Definition
| the fewer costs and the more rewards, the more likely that it will happen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people develop new norms to cope with a situation |
|
|
Term
| what are the five kinds of participants in collective behavior? |
|
Definition
-ego-involved: very attached/passionate about issue
-exploiters: try to use the situation to their own benefit
-concerned
-insecure
-curious spectators |
|
|
Term
| what are some examples of collective behavior? |
|
Definition
-riots
-fads/fashions
-rumors
urban legends |
|
|
Term
| what is a social movement? |
|
Definition
| a large group of people who are organized to promote or resist some social change |
|
|
Term
| what are two types of social movements? |
|
Definition
-proactive: promote social change
-reactive: resist social change |
|
|
Term
| what are some examples of social movemnets? |
|
Definition
-Civil Rights movement
Feminist movement
-Environmental movements
-Animal rights groups
-Militia |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of individual social movements? |
|
Definition
-Alterative: changing lifestyle (not completely transforming the whole life perspective) (Alcholics Anonymous, etc.)
-Redemptive: totally reform/change in life (religious convert, etc.) |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of social movements for society? |
|
Definition
-Reformative: reform a certain aspect of society
-Transformative: transform society as a whole |
|
|
Term
| what are two types of global types of social movements globally? |
|
Definition
-transnational: change some aspects of the world (Toms, Red Thread Movement, etc.)
-Metaformative: totally change the world (Fascism, Communism, etc.) |
|
|
Term
| how do social movements start? |
|
Definition
-preexisting communications networks (getting the word out)
-preexisting grievance (recognized need for change)
-ability of groups to mobilize (motivation for action) |
|
|
Term
| stages of social movements |
|
Definition
-initial unrest/agitation
-resource mobilization
-organization
-institutionalization
-decline
-death |
|
|
Term
| 3 theories of social movements: |
|
Definition
-resource mobilization theory
-political process theory
-new social movement theory |
|
|
Term
| resource mobilization theory |
|
Definition
-focus on how movements gain momentum by successfully gathering and utilizing resources
(ex:reliance of Civil Rights Movement on black churches and HBCUs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-focuses on the influence of external factors (like deindustrialization)
-exploitation of internal factors (like ability to mobilize resources) |
|
|
Term
| new social movement theory |
|
Definition
-focuses on how participants' identities are constructed
-investigates how social movements provide foundations for people to create new identities |
|
|
Term
| what was education like in earlier societies? |
|
Definition
-informal learning
-equivalent to acculturation
-group's formal system of teaching |
|
|
Term
| what is a group's formal system of teaching? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what was one major event that impacted education? |
|
Definition
| the Industrial Revolution |
|
|
Term
| who first proposed universal schooling? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who was usually educated? |
|
Definition
| the rich (the poor were usually not educated) |
|
|
Term
| what did universal education bring? |
|
Definition
| uniform national culture through education |
|
|
Term
| who proposed "common schools"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are "common schools"? |
|
Definition
| schools supported by taxes |
|
|
Term
| what year did all states have mandatory education? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is education like in Japan? |
|
Definition
-emphasis on solidarity within group
-discourages competition among individuals |
|
|
Term
| what is education like in Japan? |
|
Definition
-emphasis on solidarity within group
-discourages competition among individuals |
|
|
Term
| what is education like in Russia? |
|
Definition
-education (including college) was free (during USSR)
-now Russia is reinventing education |
|
|
Term
| what is education like in Egypt (pre-revolution)? |
|
Definition
-most people work so there's little need for education
-mandatory attendance laws that exist aren't enforced
-most people are too poor to afford education |
|
|
Term
| about what percentage of Chinese go to high school? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| about what percentage do Chinese go to college? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| about what percentage of Chinese go to grade school? junior high? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| about what percentage does the US go to grade school? junior high? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| about what percentage of US goes to high school? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| about what percentage US goes to college? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the Functionalist Perspective on Education? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some "social benefits" of education? |
|
Definition
(Functionalist Perspective)
-teaches knowledge and skills
-cultural transmission of values
-social integration
-replacing family functions
-gatekeeping
-surprising latent functions
-etc. |
|
|
Term
| what is the conflict perspective on education? |
|
Definition
| perpetuating social inequality |
|
|
Term
| what are some "perpetuating social inequalities"? |
|
Definition
(CONFLICT perspective)
-the "hidden" curriculum
-tilting the tests: discrimination by IQ
-stacking the deck: unequal funding |
|
|
Term
| how does the symbolic interactionist see education? |
|
Definition
it fulfills teacher expectations
(teachers hear about how a student is from previous teachers, and they have the same expectations for that student, whether it be true or not) |
|
|
Term
| what is the main problem with US education? |
|
Definition
the rising tide of mediocrity
-cheating on tests/SATs
-grade curving/inflation
-social promotion
-functional illiteracy (students who can't read at the level they should be able to read at) |
|
|
Term
| what is the solution to mediocrity? |
|
Definition
| higher standards for teachers and students |
|
|
Term
| what are some problems/solutions that occur in the US education system? |
|
Definition
-cheating by administrators: mandate standard measures
-violence: provide a secure learning environment |
|
|
