Term
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Definition
| how one expresses "maleness" or "femaleness" |
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Term
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Definition
| males' and females' unequal access to property, power, and prestige |
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Term
| Gender differences in behavior: Nature |
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Definition
| examples of such: girls speak sooner than boys, etc. |
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Term
| Gender differences in behavior: Nurture |
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Definition
| people treat girls like they are dependent, dress girls in pink, etc. boys are treated as more independent, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| a person without as much access to power, prestige, and property |
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Term
| sexual stratification of work |
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Definition
| (work is sex-typed--a certain job is associated with a certain gender) the prestige of an occupation is tied to the gender of the person doing it and not necessarily the job itself |
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Term
| what are some gender gaps that are global? |
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Definition
-global gap in education
-global gap in politics
-global gap in pay
-violence against women |
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Term
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Definition
| equality between sexes (not women are superior) |
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Term
| the first wave of feminism |
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Definition
| occurred in the early 1900s--the suffragist (right to vote) movement |
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Term
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Definition
| started in the 1960s--equal pay act |
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Term
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Definition
| currently happening--we can be leaders mindset |
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Term
| what are some examples of gender inequality in everyday life? |
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Definition
-devaluation of the feminine (don't be a sissy)
-the feminine as an insult (you throw like a girl)
-inequality in talk
-inequality in health care (women tend to be written off faster than men)
-inequality in education |
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Term
| about how much less do women usually earn in comparison to men? |
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Definition
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Term
| what did Fuller and Schoenberger accomplish? |
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Definition
| they looked at 230 business majors at UW and found that women's starting salaries averaged 11% lower than men's |
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Term
| subconscious socialization |
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Definition
| (Symbolic Interactionism) parents/people in child's surroundings often are unaware that they are genderizing their child |
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Term
| who coined the term subconscious socialization? |
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Definition
| (Sym. Int.) Goldberg and Lewis (1969) |
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Term
| what do they mean by "stereotypes become reality?" |
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Definition
(Symbolic Interactionism)
if males are considered to be aggressive and dominant, and a person knows that he is male, he tends to fufill those expectations by being aggressive and dominant |
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Term
| what is the Structural-Functionalist perspective of Gender? |
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Definition
| -Strength, bravery, and rewards (Harris, 1977): male dominance is universal due social and biological conditions (women become pregnant, must take care of children, etc. allowed patriarchy to start) |
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Term
| what is the conflict theory perspective on gender? |
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Definition
| -power, privilege, and resources (power-used rules/laws to help them--men, the religious majority, etc.) |
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Term
| what are some views of the symbolic interactionist perspective of gender? |
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Definition
-we are socialized into gender roles
-sex is a master trait, it cuts across all other identities in life (we will always be male/female)
-parents are the first significant others to teach gender roles |
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Term
| what are some things in the 1800s that made women unequal? |
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Definition
(conflict perspective)
-couldnt vote
-couldnt make legal contracts
-couldnt testify in court
-couldnt own property
-couldnt spend their own wages |
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Term
| what year did the National Women's Party form? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are ways media affects genderization? |
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Definition
| books, tv, music, games, advertising, movies, magazines, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| a group that is socially set apart because of obvious (or alleged) physical differences (both myth and reality) |
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Term
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Definition
a group set apart because of its national origin or dinstict cultural patterns
(ethnic comes from the greek word ethos which means nations) |
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Term
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Definition
| people who are discriminated against because they belong to a group |
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Term
| what happens if you are in a subordinate group? |
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Definition
| narrower life opportunities because there is less access to success, education, and wealth |
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Term
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Definition
| negative attitudes toward an entire category of people (a prejudgment or over-categorization) |
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Term
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Definition
| a behavior that denies opportuites and equal rights to individuals/groups because of prejudice (prejudice is the foundation of discrimination) |
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Term
| the two types of discrimination |
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Definition
-individual
-institutional |
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Term
| individual discrimination |
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Definition
-stereotyping (the exaggerated belief associated with a group of people)
-racial/ethnic slurs |
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Term
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Definition
a crime committed because the of offenders bias against race/religion/enthicity/sexual orientation
(unfortunately its very hard to prove that this is the motive behind a crime) |
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Term
| in 1999 what group received about 16% of proven hate crimes? |
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Definition
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Term
| in 2002 what group received about 16.7% of proven hate crimes? |
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Definition
| people with a different sexual orientation |
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Term
| what do symbolic interactionists believe about race/ethnicity? |
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Definition
-words are not meaningless labels (words hurt)
-labels (stereotypes) affect prejudice by causing selective perception |
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Term
| what is selective perception? |
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Definition
| (sym. int.) seeing certain things while being "blind" to others |
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Term
| what did simpson and yinger (1972) state? |
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Definition
| (sym. int.) we fit new experiences into old categories by selecting only those cues that harmonize with our prejudment or stereotype |
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Term
| what is the self fulfilling prophecy? |
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Definition
-if a stereotype defines members of ethnic group X as lazy for example, it legitimizes keeping them out of jobs that require dedication, industry, and energy
-if "appropriate" jobs are not available, members of group X are liable to be seen standing around while other groups are working
-seeing X group members standing around not working reinforces the stereotype of laziness, whereas the basic discrimination that created the stereotype passes unnoticed |
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Term
| what is another thing that ethnic labels do? |
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Definition
(symbolic interactionism) ethnic labels are so powerful that they block out the morality that people learn early in life
(ex: War--people learn not to see the enemy as "human") |
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Term
| what is the functionalist perspective of race/ethnicity? |
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Definition
-prejudice creates in-group solidarity (group comes together) and out-group antagonism (us vs. them)
--dysfunctions of prejudice: destroys human relationships |
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Term
| what are some ways that society can be stratified? |
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Definition
-class
-gender
-race/ethnicity
-religion |
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Term
| what are some functions of racial-ethnic stratification? |
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Definition
-ensures that society's dirty work gets done
-ethnocentrism in the dominant group
-ethnocentrism in the minority group's members which creates cohesion/sense of identity |
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Term
| what do conflict theorists see in race/ethnicity? |
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Definition
-the US is a capitalist society
-split-labor market--weakening the bargaining power of workers by splitting them along racial, ethnic, or gender lines. if employers can keep workers fearful and distrustful of each other, they are less likely to unite and demand higher wages/more benefits |
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Term
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Definition
| dominant group encourages diversity (no dominant group at all) --Switzerland |
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Term
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Definition
| the dominant group absorbs the minority (they become part of the dominant group) --ex: immigrants to US from Czech Republic and Ireland look the same but are different, they leave old culture to join dominant group) |
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Term
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Definition
| dominant group structures society so that there is no contact (seperate but equal) |
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Term
| what is internal colonialism? |
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Definition
| dominant group exploits the minority group (segregation is law-enforced)--South America before it changed |
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Term
| what is population transfer? |
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Definition
| when the minority group is forced to leave --Trail of Tears, Kurds in Iraq, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
the killing of a minority group
(The Holocaust, Rwanda genocides, etc.) |
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Term
| what is a nuclear family? |
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Definition
| your immediate family (parents and siblings) |
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Term
| what are the two types of polygamy? |
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Definition
-polygyny: one man, many wives
-polyandry: one woman, many husbands |
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Term
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Definition
| the family you grew up with (parents, siblings) |
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Term
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Definition
| the family you help create (spouse, children) |
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Term
| what are three ways to be related to someone in your family? |
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Definition
-by blood
-by marriage
-through adoption |
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Term
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Definition
| a society's approved mating arrangements (usually marked by ritual) |
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Term
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Definition
marriage within one's group
(ex: in India, you usually marry within your caste) |
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Term
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Definition
marriage outside one's group
(royalty, amish, etc. --usually to try to prevent inbred diseases) |
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Term
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Definition
through both parents' families
(ex: spanish cultures take both last names) |
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Term
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Definition
through the father's family
(the most common form of descent--man's last name) |
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Term
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Definition
through the mother's family
(ex: Jewish cultures only think you're truly Jewish if your mother is Jewish) |
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Term
| The Functionalist perspective of Family/Marriage |
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Definition
functions of family:
-economic production--caring for others gives you a reason to work to support them
-socialization of children
-care of sick and aged--kids take care of parents when they become elderly
-recreation--you spend your free time with your family usually
-sexual control--less likely to go out bangin a bunch of people if you have a family haha
-reproduction |
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Term
| what is the functionalist perspective on the incest taboo? |
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Definition
-it avoids role confusion in the family
-facilitates proper socialization of children |
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Term
| what is the conflict theorist perspective on family/marriage? |
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Definition
| -there are natural power struggles between wife and husband over such things as: housework, child care, money, attention, respect, sex, etc. |
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Term
| what is the symbolic interactionist's perspective on marriage/family? |
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Definition
| family chores are divided by gender (women do laundry, cook, iron, etc. men mow the lawn, fix things, work on cars, etc.) |
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Term
| T/F romantic love is a newer idea formed in the western world |
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Definition
| False; romantic love has been found all throughout the world and throughout history |
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Term
| what are some factores that effect who you will probably marry? |
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Definition
-age
-education
-social class
-race/ethnicity
-homogamy (similar characteristics)
-propinquity (spacial/physical proximity) |
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Term
| what are the steps to the family life cycle? |
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Definition
-marriage
-child birth (marital satisfaction decreases due to such factors as differences in opinion on how to raise the child, etc.)
-child rearing (natural instict/societal pressure)
-family transitions
(Adultolescents and not-so-empty nest)
-widowhood (must learn to adjust to new identity) |
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Term
| what is the difference between being child free and child less? |
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Definition
-child free: choose not to have kids
-child less: not able to have children |
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Term
| about what percentage of women do not give birth? |
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Definition
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Term
| what two types of families are increasing in america? |
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Definition
-one parent families
-families without children |
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Term
| what two types of families are increasing in america? |
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Definition
-blended families (a family whose members were once part of other families--stepchildren,etc.)
-gay/lesbian families |
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Term
| what are two types of family situations that are increasing in the US? |
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Definition
-Grandparents as parents
-the "sandwich generation" and elder care
(two sets of competing responsibilities-children and old parents) |
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Term
| what are some problems with measuring divorce statistically? |
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Definition
-can't look at raw #s
can't looka t # of marriages/#of divorce in a given year
-can't look at total # of people married/# of divorces |
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Term
| what are some of the dark sides of family life? |
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Definition
-spouse battering
-child abuse
-marital/intimacy rape
-incest |
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Term
| successful marriages have these common themes: |
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Definition
-spouse is their best friend
-like the spouse as a person
-think marriage is a long term commitment
-believe that marriage is sacred
-agree with the spouse's aims/goals
-believe spouse has grown more interesting
-want the relationship to succeed
-laugh together |
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Term
| qualities of a happy family |
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Definition
-spend a lot of time together
-are quick to express appreciation
-committed to promoting mutual welfare
-talk/listen a lot
-are religious
-deal with crises in a positive way |
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Term
| Two-thirds of all persons ever to reach ________ are alive today |
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Definition
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Term
| how many years have been added to the median age since 1990? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many years longer do women tend to live? |
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Definition
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Term
| how old can one expect to live today? |
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Definition
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Term
| 25% of the population in 2040 is what age and over? |
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Definition
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Term
| what percentage of elderly people were poor after WWII? |
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Definition
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Term
| what percentage of elderly people are poor today? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the not-so-empty-nest? |
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Definition
| older children moving back to live in with parents |
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Term
| parent cares for child ___ years, child cares for parent ___ years |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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