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| "six degrees of separation," suggests |
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| that everyone in the world is connected to everyone else within six steps: theoretically, that you're connected to every human on the planet. It might be the case that somebody you know, knows someone who knows somebody |
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| All members of a bureaucracy are assigned specialized roles and tasks. |
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| Bureaucratic members are specially trained for their specific roles. |
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| Bureaucracies always feature the supervision of subordinates by higher-ranking managers and bosses. |
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| 4. Rules and regulations: |
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| These are meant to make all operations as predictable as possible. |
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| In a bureaucracy, rules come before people; no individual receives special treatment. |
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| 6. Formal written communication: |
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| Documents such as memos (or e-mails) are the heart of the organization and the most effective way to communicate. |
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| Administrators are most likely to be cosmopolitans and involved in an organization to branch out and form new ties. |
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| According to Durkheim, all the social groups with which we are connected (families, peers, co-workers, and so on) have this particular feature: the norms of the group place certain limits on our individual actions. |
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backpack through Europe but your parents demanded that you stay home, work, and save money for college. Durkheim argues we need these limits
group membership not only anchors us to the social world it’s what keeps us alive. |
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| term used to describe the alienation and loss of purpose that result from weaker social bonds and an increased pace of change (page 128) |
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| The legitimate right to wield power |
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| A type of secondary group designed to perform tasks efficiently, characterized by specialization, technical competence, hierarchy, rules and regulations, impersonality, and formal written communication |
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| People who share one or more attributes but who lack a sense of common identity or belonging |
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| Authority based in the perception of remarkable personal qualities in a leader (page 142) |
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Term
| Charles Horton Cooley (1909) introduced the term primary for this type of group because such groups have the most profound effects on us as individuals. |
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Definition
| Primary groups provide most of our emotional satisfaction through interaction with other members, are responsible for much of our socialization, and remain central to our identities throughout our lives, |
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| The mildest type of conformity, undertaken to gain rewards or avoid punishments |
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| Consequential strangers," |
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| These people are not total strangers, but are more likely to be acquaintances from the places we work, shop, play, or conduct business |
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| A temporary gathering of people in a public place; members might interact but do not identify with each other and will not remain in contact |
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| wrote six degrees of seperations |
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| A two-person social group (page 132) |
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| Leadership concerned with maintaining emotional and relational harmony within the group (page 143) |
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| a collection of people who share some attribute, identify with one another, and interact with each other |
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| The sense of solidarity or loyalty that individuals feel toward a group to which they belong (page 135) |
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| The patterns of interaction between groups and individuals (page 132) |
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| In very cohesive groups, the tendency to enforce a high degree of conformity among members, creating a demand for unanimous agreement (page 137) |
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| HIGH STATUS-In the upper class there is a stress on the importance of strong ties and forming elite clubs |
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Definition
| In the upper class there is a stress on the importance of strong ties and forming elite clubs |
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| The murder of a family member -- usually female -- who is believed to have brought dishonor to her family (page 136) |
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| A type of conformity stronger than compliance and weaker than internalization, caused by a desire to establish or maintain a relationship with a person or a group (page 138) |
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| A group that one identifies with and feels loyalty toward (page 132) |
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| Power that is supported by persuasion (page 141) |
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| Leadership that is task or goal oriented |
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| The strongest type of conformity, occurring when an individual adopts the beliefs or actions of a group and makes them her own |
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Definition
| people you know can determine your next job. "Ties" or contacts become a key method to network and reach a higher status. |
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| Larger, less intimate groups are known as secondary group |
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Definition
| include co-workers, college classes, athletic organizations, labor unions, and political parties. Interaction here is more formal and impersonal. Secondary groups are usually organized around a specific activity or the accomplishment of a task. Membership is often temporary and usually does not carry the same potential for emotional satisfaction that primary group membership does |
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| Authority based in laws, rules, and procedures, not in the heredity or personality of any individual leader |
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| Legal-rational authority, |
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Definition
| on the other hand, is based in laws and rules, not in the lineage of any individual leader. Modern presidencies and parliaments are built on this kind of authority. |
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| Max Weber - identified three different types of authority |
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Definition
Traditional authority/
Legal-rational authority,
charismatic authority, |
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| George Ritzer's term describing the spread of bureaucratic rationalization and the accompanying increases in efficiency and dehumanization |
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| Any group an individual feels opposition, rivalry, or hostility toward |
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| Any group an individual feels opposition, rivalry, or hostility toward (page 133) |
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| Professionals, technical ,and managerial workers will most likely hear about new jobs through weak ties. |
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| The ability to control the actions of others (page 141) |
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| Behaviors approved of by a particular social group (page 137) |
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| the people who are most important to our sense of self; members' relationships are typically characterized by face-to-face interaction, high levels of cooperation, and intense feelings of belonging |
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| Behaviors a particular social group wants its members to avoid (page 137) |
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| The application of economic logic to human activity; the use of formal rules and regulations in order to maximize efficiency without consideration of subjective or individual concerns (page 145) |
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| A group that provides a standard of comparison against which we evaluate ourselves (page 133) |
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| larger and less intimate than primary groups; members' relationships are usually organized around a specific goal and are often temporary |
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| A theory of group formation and maintenance that stresses the need of individual members to feel a sense of belonging (page 141) |
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| Social influence (peer pressure) |
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| The influence of one's fellow group members on individual attitudes and behaviors (page 137) |
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| The phenomenon in which as more individuals are added to a task, each individual contributes a little less; a source of inefficiency when working in teams (page 141) |
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| The web of direct and indirect ties connecting an individual to other people who may also affect the individual (page 125) |
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| connections between individuals |
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| are people you are close with, such as a relatives, good friends, and mentors. |
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| The lines connecting you to this second group |
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| must pass through the people in your first network |
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| Authority based in custom, birthright, or divine right (page 141) |
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| A three-person social group (page 132) |
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| Social groups whose interactions are mediated through information technologies, particularly the internet (page 129) |
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| people who happen to find themselves together in a particular physical location. People in aggregates don't form lasting social relations, but people in groups do |
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remarkable personal qualities of the leader Neither rules nor traditions are necessary for the establishment
of a charismatic can be a revolutionary,breaking rules and defying traditions. only place we will ever find Jesus Christ and Adolf Hitler in the same category 3 types of authority are not necessarily mutually exclusive—they can coexist within the same leader. Bill Clinton |
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Definition
| however, they mean a collection of people who not only share some attribute but also identify with one another and have ongoing social relationslike a family, a Star Trek fan club, a soccer team, a sorority, or the guys you play poker with every month. |
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Term
| this second set of lines represents indirect ties. |
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Definition
| Indirect ties can include business transactions flows of goods, services, materials, or monies between organizations or nations. |
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