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sociology 3rd exam
sociology 101 last exam notes
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Sociology
Undergraduate 1
12/18/2007

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Term
domestication
Definition
the process by which plants and animals were brought under human control
Term
mechanization
Definition

the addition of external sources of power

i.e - steam, hand tools, modes of transport

Term
economic system
Definition
a socially created institution that coordinates human activity in the effort to produce, distribute, and consume goods and services
Term
goods
Definition
any products that are manufactured, grown, or extracted from the earth such as good, clothing, computers, etc..
Term
services
Definition
activities performed for others that result in no tangible product(s)
Term

colonization

Definition
form of domination in which one country imposes its political, economic, social, and cultural institutions on an indigenous population
Term
capitalism
Definition
an economic system in which the raw materials and means of production and distribution are privately owned and free of government interference
Term
private ownership
Definition
individuals own the raw materials, machines, labor, and other means needed to produce and distribute goods and services
Term
laws of supply and demand
Definition
as demand increases, prices rise, manufacturers produces a larger supply which increases competition and drives down the prices
Term
socialism
Definition
economic systen in which the raw materials and means of producing and distributing goods and services are collectively owned
Term
core economies
Definition
the wealthiest, most highly diversified economies in the world with strong, stable, governments
Term
peripheral economies
Definition

economices that rely on a few or single commodiities

i.e: coffee

Term
semiperpheral economies
Definition
economy characterized by moderate wealth, but extreme inequality. they explout peripheral economies
Term
odious debts
Definition
the personal debts of a ruler or a particular regime that are incurred without the consent of the population
Term

primary sector

(of the economy)

Definition
economic activites that generate or extract raw materials from the natural environment
Term

secondary sector

(of the economy)

Definition
economic activities that transform raw materials into manufactured goods
Term

tertiary sector

(of the economy)

Definition
economic activites related to delivery services, including the creation and distribution of information
Term

Gross Domestic Product

(GDP)

Definition
the monetary value of the goods and services that a nation's work force produces over the course of a year
Term
monopoly
Definition
a situation in which a single producer dominates a market
Term
oligoploy
Definition
a situation in which  few producers dominate a market
Term
conglomerates
Definition
larges coporations that own smaller corps acquired through mergers or acquistion
Term
traditional authority
Definition
type of authority that relies on the sanctity of time-honored norms that govern the selection of someone to a powerful position
Term
charismatic authority
Definition
a type of authority that derives from the exceptional and exeplary qualities of the person who issues the commands
Term
legal-rational authority
Definition
a type of authority that rests on a system of impersonal rules that formally specifies the qualifications for occupying a powerful position
Term
totalitarianism
Definition

1. single ruling party led by a dictator

 

2. system of social control that suppresses dissent and opposition

 

3. centralized control over the media and economy

Term
democracy
Definition
government in which power is vested in the citizen body and in which members participate directly or indirectly in the decision making process
Term
authoritarian government
Definition
system of government in which there is no seperation of power and a single perosn, group, or social class holds all power
Term
theocracy
Definition
form of government in which political authority rests in the hands of religious leaders. No seperation of church and state
Term
power elite
Definition
those few people who occupy such lofty postions in social structure of leading intitutions that their decisions have consequences affecting millions of people worldwide
Term
pluralist model
Definition
views politics as an arena of compromise and negotiation amonge competing groups. And power as something that is dispersed amonge these groups
Term
special interest groups
Definition
composed of people who share interest in a particular economic, political, and social issues and who join of form an organization to influence public and government
Term

Political Action Committees

(PAC)

Definition
committees that raise money to be donated to the political candidates most likely to support their special interest
Term
527 Group
Definition
a tax-exempt advocacy organization that seeks to influence federal elections by running issue related advertisements criticizing the record fo a candidate
Term
empire
Definition
a group of countries under the direct/indirect control of a foreign power or government so that the dominant poiwer shapes the political and cultural development of the controlled country
Term
hegemony
Definition
a process by which a power maintains its dominance over other entities
Term
militaristic power
Definition
one that believes military strength and willingness to use it is the source of national and even global security
Term
insurgents
Definition
groups who participate in armed rebellion against some established authority, government, or administration with the hope that those in power will retreat
Term
innovation
Definition
the invetion or discovery of something new - an idea, process, practice, or tool
Term
basic innovations
Definition
revolutionary, unprecendented or ground-breaking inventions
Term
hypertext
Definition
a technology that allows readers to pick and choose among highlighted keywords and follow links to related documents that are stored in computers around the world
Term
dearth of feedback
Definition
situation in which not enough critical readers and listeners evaluate material before it is used by popular media
Term
cultural base
Definition
the number of existing inventions
Term
adaptive culture
Definition

the portion of the nonmaterial culture that adjusts to material innovations.

i.e: norms, values, beliefs

Term
cultural lag
Definition
a situation in which adaptive culture fails to adjust in neccessary ways to material innovations
Term
technological determinist
Definition
someone who believes that human beings have no free will and are controlled entirely by their material innovations
Term
paradigms
Definition
the dominant and widely accepted theories and concepts in a particular field of study
Term
anomaly
Definition
observation(s) that a paradigm cannot explain
Term
globalization-from-above
Definition
describes the internet's ability to connect those people around the world with educations, economic, and political advantages. Excluding those who are not so advantaged
Term
globalization-from-below
Definition
interdependence at the grassroots level that aims to protect environment and enhance the average person's acces to basic resources
Term
social movement
Definition
situation in which people organize to change or resist change in some area of society
Term
regressive or reactionary movements
Definition
socal movements with the goal of turning back the hands of time to an earlier condition or state of being
Term
reformist movement
Definition
social movements that target some specific feature of society as needing change
Term
revolutionary movement
Definition
social movement that seeks broad and radical structural cahnges to a society's basic social instituions or to the world order
Term
counterrevolutionary movement
Definition
social movement that seeks to maintain a social order that reform and rev. movements are seeking to change
Term
objective deprivation
Definition
applies to those who are the worst off or most disadvantaged - people with the lowest incomes and least opportunities
Term
relative deprivation
Definition
a condition measured by comparing one group's situation to the sitautions of those more advantaged
Term

resource mobilization

Definition
 a core group of sophisticated strategies wroks to harness the disaffected energies, attract supporters, forge alliances, and create organizational structures
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